The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a well-known pest worldwide and was first reported in 1952 in Turkey. It is traditionally controlled with several pesticide applications during each apple production season. The genetic diversity of codling moths was investigated in this study, based on the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunite I gene. Twenty-two haplotypes from 9 populations were studied. The results showed an average haplotype and nucleotide diversity of 0.835 and 0.571, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses were indicated for 2 major clades using the maximum likelihood method. Median Joining Network analysis revealed that the 2 major clades are different from each other by at least 4 mutation steps. The 1st clade consisted of specimens from Western Turkey (Çanakkale and Balıkesir), and the 2nd clade was found in all tested populations, although a mixture of insects and improperly classified specimens were also observed. Fst value estimates ranged from 0 and 0.179, suggesting genetic differentiation among some populations. Possible situations for the genetic differentiation between the 2 major clades are also discussed.

The genus Zaprionus Coquillett, 1902 is known to have 2 subgenera. Zaprionus sensu stricto, with 46 species, originated from the Afrotropical region. The other subgenus, called Anaprionus, with 11 species, is native to the Oriental and Australasian regions (Yassin, 2008;Yassin and David, 2010). The genus is abundant in Africa (Tsacas et al., 1981) but is now also known to be present in the Palearctic region (Yassin, 2008). The Zaprionus species differ from each other based on testes size and sperm ultrastructures, and they are also phylogenetically close to the genus Drosophila (Commar et al., 2012).Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch was first described in 1932 in South Africa. The common name is vinegar fly or pomace fly and it originated in tropical Africa (Yassin, 2008). It is present in the eastern African islands of Mauritius and Madagascar. It was also suggested that it should be added to the alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Organization in 2017. It has more than 49 tropical fruit hosts (https://www.eppo. int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/alert_list_insects/ zaprionus_tuberculatus) and was recently found in Greece (Crete), feeding on mature fig fruits during the summer of 2017 (Leivadaras et al., 2017). Zaprionus tuberculatus is morphologically similar to Z. sepsoides, Z. mascariensis, Z. kolodkinae, and Z. verruca; all specimens have a tubercule on the fore femur and are considered as sibling species (Tsacas et al. 1981;Yassin, 2008).A few drosophilid species are known to be primary pests, such as Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Walsh et al., 2011) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Lasa and Tadeo, 2015;Kremmer et al., 2017); however, Z. tuberculatus seems to be a potential pest based on recent reports (Leivadaras et al., 2017). It has been newly introduced as an invasive drosophilid in Turkey and was first detected in 2012 in Adana (Patlar et al., 2012), based on its morphological identification key characters (Yassin and David, 2010). Since then, this pest has received little attention and, even though it was caught in traps, there have been no reports

Elma iç kurdu Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) başta elma (Malus domestica) olmak üzere armut (Pyrus communis), ayva (Cydonia oblonga) ve ceviz (Junglas regia) bahçelerinde önemli zararlara sebep olmaktadır. Çanakkale ili bu meyve türlerinin yetiştiriciliği açısından nitelikli bir tarımsal üretim merkezidir. Çalışmanın amacı, Çanakkale ilindeki meyve alanlarında zarar yapan elma içkurdunun yayılış alanları ve bulaşıklık oranlarının meyve esaslı metoda göre belirlenmesidir. Örnekler, 2017 yılı Mayıs-Eylül arasında Ayvacık, Bayramiç, Biga, Bozcaada, Gökçeada, Lapseki, Merkez ve Yenice ilçelerinde zararlı ile bulaşık 24 farklı meyve bahçesinden elde edilmiştir. Vuruklu meyveler, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Böcek Moleküler Biyolojisi Laboratuvarı’na getirilmiştir. Ardından kültür kapları içerisinde gelişimleri tamamlanmış ve ergin dönemleri üzerinde teşhis işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Çanakkale ilinde örnekleme yapılan tüm ilçelerde C. pomonella’ nın varlığı tespit edilmekle birlikte, 24 farklı meyve bahçesinden 19’unda yayılışı ve bulaşıklık oranları belirlenmiştir. Bulaşıklık oranları, önemli ticari üretim alanlarında %2 ile %17 arasında değişmiştir. Bireysel meyve alanlarında ise bulaşık oranları %5 ile %95 arasında bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, Merkez ve Gökçeada’dan elde edilen örneklerde 2 farklı parazitoit türü tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Çanakkale ilinde elma içkurdunun yaygın olarak bulunduğunu göstermektedir.

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an economically important pest of apple trees in Turkey and also in worldwide. The aim of this study was to report a continuous rearing method on green immature apples (Malus domestica cv. 'Gala') for C. pomonella and fundamental information of its biology. The experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2019 under the laboratory conditions. Eggs were laid individually or disorderly in small masses on the oviposition substrate in the adult cages. Adult food had a positive effect on the number of eggs laid per female and egg viability. Larvae developed through five instars based on head capsule measurements. Larval development was completed in 15.89±0.25 days. Survival rate of larvae ranged from 24.1% and 92.6% based on larval density per apple. The duration of pupal development was 8.90±0.10 days with 87.5% adult emergence. The life cycle was completed on average in 29.5±0.3 days. Adult longevity was 12.2±0.60 days for females and 16.7±1.90 days for males. A single female laid about 12.3 eggs/day and a total of 85-200 eggs with 83.9% viability. The codling moth has been reared continuously in the laboratory for two years with no evidence of disease in the colony.

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