Consequently, this paper explores the significance of increasing the funding of the two major ACAs (the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission [EFCC] and the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission [ICPC]) in Nigeria with a view to learning from countries where ACAs had largely been successful. This is significant because learning from these models, characterised by best practices, has a way of helping the major ACAs in Nigeria in combating corruption. Background:The effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies (ACAs) depends on adequate funding. Literature has shown that successful ACAs all over the world are well funded, as well as enjoyed political will of their home governments. Aim:The article examined the funding of the Nigerian anti-corruption agencies in relation to anti-corruption agencies in Hong Kong and Singapore. Settings:The article is structured into eight sections namely the introduction, methodology, conceptual clarification, theoretical framework, funding patterns of anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria, Singapore's and Hong Kong agencies' effectiveness in combating corruption, lessons from Singapore and Hong Kong as a basis for effective anti-corruption fighting in Nigeria and conclusion. Methods:The article adopted the qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected from the primary and secondary sources. Two in-depth interview (IDI) sessions were held with officials of the agencies while documental analysis complemented the primary data in the study. Result:The study found that Nigeria's anti-corruption agencies are not adequately funded; and recommends that a significant percentage of the national budget should be earmarked for the ACAs. And, the successive should show the political will and commitment to fund ACAs. Conclusion:It is an actuality that funding of the two ACAs in Nigeria has not been backed by a strong political will. However, the potentiality of the ACAs is still in its infancy. So far their performance has been insignificant and ineffective in combating corruption in Nigeria.

This study examined the effect of selected public policies on entrepreneurship activities in the anglophone and francophone divides of West Africa to determine the nexus of performance using several analytics techniques. The data used were obtained from secondary sources originating from institutional organisations in ten selected countries from the 2000 to 2018. An institutional framework for entrepreneurship indicators was adopted as a measure for entrepreneurship in the region otherwise known as TEA. Using the ARDL analysis on the cross sectional data, the empirical evidence reveals that, while monetary policy was more significant in promoting TEA in Anglophone countries, fiscal policy did better in the francophone countries. The study recommends that governments should harness, formulate and execute the best of monetary and fiscal policies in West African countries. The contribution of the private sector partnership in the drive to 'promote entrepreneurship should also be encouraged in such a way that the economies in the countries aim towards innovative and efficiency competitiveness in democratic societies.

No abstract

Background: This article examined the performance of entrepreneurship indicators and their influence on the business environments through economic rankings in selected Anglophone and Francophone countries in West Africa.Aim: An institutional framework for entrepreneurship indicators was adopted as a measure for entrepreneurship in the region focusing on its determinants, impacts and outcomes.Setting: The colonial policy of indirect rule in the Anglophone West Africa focused on economic development and national integration, while the colonial policy of assimilation in the francophone focused on trade and centralisation.Method: This study focused on a comparative evaluation and synthesis.Results: The study found that the Anglophone countries were more entrepreneurship enhancing than the Francophone divide, but the economies in the region were all factor driven.Conclusion: The study recommends private sector partnership in the drive to promote entrepreneurship so that the entrepreneurship drive in the countries aim towards innovative and efficient competitiveness.