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Introduction:Sleep hygiene was found as an important predictor for sleep quality. People’s sleep hygiene can have a major role in their daily function. The purpose of the study was to determine sleep hygiene patterns and sleep hygiene behaviors and factors affecting them in the general population of Kermanshah, Iran.Material and methods:In this cross-sectional study, 1829 men and 1262 women were selected randomly from 50 clusters of different parts of the city. The inclusion criteria were age between 12 and 65 years and living in Kermanshah. The exclusion criteria were psychiatric disorder and known general medical conditions that affecting sleep. The data collection instruments were demographic questionnaire and Sleep Hygiene Questionnaire, consisted of 13 items about biological rhythm and bed room environment and behaviors that affecting sleep. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software.Results:The highest percentage was obtained for irregular woke and went up from day to day or at weekend and holidays (74.8%). Only 213 (6.9%) participants were classified as having good sleep hygiene (score 12-14). The mean age of very poor, poor, moderate, and good sleepers was 34.8 ± 14.4, 33.7 ± 17.4, 36.5 ± 13.8, and 35 ± 13.7years, respectively. There were significant differences between the age of poor and moderate sleepers and also sleep hygiene patterns with respect to sex, education level and job.Conclusion:Poor sleep hygiene were more frequent in Iranian peoples and the major problem in sleep hygiene in our study was inappropriate sleep schedule.

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Objectives: Studies have reported a higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the risk of OSA in patients with chronic treatment-resistant depressive symptoms is not well documented worldwide. Hence, the current study assessed the risk of OSA and associated factors in patients with chronic treatment resistant depression (cTRD). Methods: The study recruited 140 Iranian patients with cTRD. All patients completed the Berlin questionnaire, which evaluates the risk of OSA. Additionally, demographic data and history of cardiovascular or metabolic diseases were collected. Pearson's Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and independent T-test were used to assess group differences, when appropriate. Results: The study found that 89 of 140 cTRD patients (64%) were at high risk for OSA. Group comparison between cTRD patients (high vs. low risk for OSA) demonstrated that at high risk OSA-cTRD patients had an elevated rate of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Also, age, duration of depression, and duration of treatment were significantly higher in cTRD patients with higher risk compared to those with lower risk for OSA. Conclusions:The results suggest that a noticeable number of patients with cTRD are at high risk for OSA, which is higher than the reported magnitude in the general population. Moreover, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are associated with a higher risk for OSA. Also, age, treatment duration, and depression duration could be considered as possible comorbid factors for OSA in patients with cTRD.