Background: Punjab being a productive state in agriculture and livestock farming, various institutions are actively involved in Self Help Group formation for socio- economic development of low-income group. Rural women are engaged in small-scale entrepreneurship programme with the help of Self Help Groups. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of livestock based Self Help Groups on knowledge level regarding the scientific livestock farming practices among the beneficiaries of Self Help Groups and non-beneficiaries. Methods: The study was undertaken in Ludhiana district of Punjab. A multistage random sampling procedure was applied to draw the sample for the study. For meeting the objective; 120 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries were subjected to structured interview schedule. Result: The study revealed that majority of the beneficiaries (50.00%) and non-beneficiaries (55.00%) had medium level of knowledge regarding overall scientific livestock farming practices. Knowledge Index was higher in case of beneficiaries (61.46) than that of non-beneficiaries (56.68). Self Help Groups had made a significant positive impact on knowledge level of the beneficiaries and thus helped in improving overall socio-economic conditions of the rural women.

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Mobile pastoralist groups are often underrepresented by existing models of progress: their representation in political processes is negligible, and their movement is perceived by the governed as a problem rather than as a viable means of subsistence. The natural resources used by pastoralists are under strain due to the overexploitation of the grazing pastures that have been spared from encroachment into arable land due to population expansion and the rising demand for meat. More stress is placed on the system by varying environmental circumstances, such as persistent droughts. Environmental deterioration, dwindling natural resources, modernization, and liberalization all put strain on pastoralists' means of subsistence. These dynamics constantly make poverty and socioeconomic marginalization among pastoralists harder rather than better, but they also encourage participation in educational opportunities that could raise their future social standing, increase job security, and improve future sustainable livelihoods. With so many issues at play, it's critical to examine whether pastoralism can be viewed as a sustainable production system or whether the pastoralist production system is inherently incapable of dealing with today's issues in the sense that it is harmful to the world's fi nite resources. This review paper describes the current situation of pastoralists, the Ethno veterinary practices they employ to care for their animals, and the issues they encounter. Strengthening pastoralist’s ability to diversify their sources of income requires educating them about entrepreneurship, teaching them how to pool resources to fi nance their business ventures, and ensuring that they have access to credit and markets.

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People worry about crop and livestock destruction by wild animals in the nearby protected region, which might lead to opposition to the preservation of a protected area. We surveyed 360 households from 30 villages in the eco-sensitive region of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve in the period of December 2021 to May 2022 to assess the annually loss in the crops by the wild animals and livestock attacked by the wild animals. One-way variance followed by DMRT post hoc was used to analyse losses in crop. It was observed that farmers getting losses, in Rabi season farmers get much loss in the mustard crop, and in Kharif season farmers get loss in maize crop due to wild animals in the form of crop raiding foraging, and eating. 335 number of incidents happened with livestock in the last five years among them 155 got injured and 180 were killed by wild animals, majority of incidents happened with goat followed by calves and buffalo. Our compara tive analysis helps to further ongoing conservation and compensation efforts by shedding light crops and livestock that influence conflict loss and tolerance.