Staircase codes, a new class of forward-error-correction (FEC) codes suitable for high-speed optical communications, are introduced. An ITU-T G.709-compatible staircase code with rate R=239/255 is proposed, and FPGA-based simulation results are presented, exhibiting a net coding gain (NCG) of 9.41 dB at an output error rate of 1E-15, an improvement of 0.42 dB relative to the best code from the ITU-T G.975.1 recommendation. An error floor analysis technique is presented, and the proposed code is shown to have an error floor at 4.0E-21.Comment: To appear in IEEE/OSA J. of Lightwave Technolog

The integration of optical and wireless networks increases mobility and capacity and decreases costs in access networks. Fibre optic communication can be considered optical communication that combines the methodologies of two communications, and it may be utilised in systems of wired and wireless communication. The solution for many problems is radio over fibre (RoF) because it can control many base stations (BS) that are connected to a central station (CS) with an optical fibre. The received RoF signal head for in a low quality; thus, many factors will result in some problems such as a high bit error rate (BER) and low Q-factor values, and the receiver might not be operating in a high data rate network. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network can offer a solution to these problems where the transmission of different signals can be done with a single-mode fibre. BER should be reduced to assured values, and the Q-factor must be increased. The investigation of WDM-RoF with different lengths of fibre at various channel spacing will be simulated using Optisystem software, and the RoF’s receiver performance is measured and analyzed depending on the acquired BER, the value of the Q-factor, and the height of the opening of the eye diagram. The degradation factors effect such as attenuation and dispersion are significantly limited with the addition of an EDFA amplifier to a Single Mode Fibre (SMF).

<span class="s22">In this paper, we proposed a hexagonal shaped </span><span class="s22">microstrip</span><span class="s22"> ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna integrated with dual band applications. The antenna design consists of a hexagonal shape patch with two folded Capacitive Loaded Line Resonators (CLLRs) on the left edge of the patch antenna. This hexagonal structure is used to implement UWB applications (3.1-10.6 GHz). A rectangular ground</span><span class="s22">,</span><span class="s22"> and two CLLR are also used on t</span><span class="s22">he bottom of antenna to obtain</span><span class="s22"> the extra dual resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz and 9.1 GHz for </span><span class="s22">B</span><span class="s22">luetooth and radar applications respectively. The proposed design is implemented using FR4 epoxy substrate. The relative permittivity of the substrate is 4</span><span class="s22">.4. The overall size of designing</span><span class="s22"> antenna is 26 × 30 mm2 with 1.6 mm as thickness and fed by standard feed line of 50 Ω </span><span class="s22">microstrip</span><span class="s22">. The results obtained from the simulation indicate that the designed antenna attains a good bandwidth from 1.1 GHz – 10.69 GHz with VSWR &lt; 2 and return loss &lt; -10 </span><span class="s22">dB.</span><span class="s22"> The proposed geometry is s</span><span class="s22">imulated  by using the </span><span class="s22">Ansoft</span><span class="s22"> HFSS </span><span class="s22">simulator working on the principle of FEM and results are also analyzed.</span>

<p>In the proposed system, a strategy for the control of energy consumption by home appliances is provided. The statistics of previous energy production and consumption of a case study city are used in providing the strategy. In the design of the proposed system, home appliances are categorized into three levels of priority, even though it can be more than three. In this article the control of energy consumption is achieved using a real time energy consumption manager (ECM) based on stored data without the need for real time communication. The system which is proposed here is affordable and simple. Also, it does not require grid upgrade or power line communication through the grid. </p>

The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multi-carrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multi-path distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4,16 and 64QAM, that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.