Background: Oral microbiota has been suggested to have a role in the etiopathogenesis of oral cancer; however, the oral microbiota diversity in patients with oral cancer compared to healthy individuals remains unclear. Purpose: This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence regarding the oral microbiota composition colonized in oral cancer patients and its comparison with healthy individuals. Reviews: This study was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases from January 2015 to March 2022. A total of 20 relevant studies were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 14 cross-sectional studies and 6 cohort studies. All studies have identified various oral bacteria, but only one study has detected viruses and parasites diversity. A variety of oral microbiota found were 6 phyla of bacteria, 6 phyla of viruses, 7 phyla of fungi, and 7 phyla of parasitic. Seventeen studies proved that oral microbiota compositions were statistically significant differences compared to healthy controls, but not in 3 studies. Conclusion: The majority of studies showed various oral bacteria in oral cancer patients which were statistically significant difference compared to healthy controls. This study indicates the need for more research to evaluate viruses and parasites composition and diversity in oral cancer patients. Moreover, future research should focus to clarify whether the changes of oral microbial composition as a community may play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of oral cancer.

Introduction: Xerostomia is a dry mouth condition caused by many factors, including the potential of neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2). Tetanus causes muscle spasm, rigidity, and also as a risk factor for xerostomia. Objective: To discuss the pathogenesis of xerostomia in patients with coronavirus di-sease-2019 (Covid-19) and tetanus. Case: A 66-year-old male was referred to Oral Medicine Department from Neurology De-partment. Extraoral showed dry and exfoliative lips. Intraoral showed one finger mouth opening, a brownish plaque in dorsum of tongue, no saliva pooling in floor of mouth. Polymerase chain reaction SARS-Cov-2 was positive. Patient was diagnosed with xerostomia. Management: Cleaning the oral cavity with gauze moistened of 0.9% NaCl and 0.12% chlorhexidine diglu-conate, and applying the vaseline album on lips. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of xerostomia is an important factor as po-tential consequence of patients with Covid-19 and tetanus due to damage the angiotensin converting enzyme-2. Keywords: xerostomia, Covid-19, tetanus, angiotensin converting enzyme-2

Patients with end-stage renal disease with or without hemodialysis are at risk of experiencing a number of comorbidities inclu-ding hypertension, anemia, risk ofbleeding and have oral manifestations related to the disease itself or due to hemodialysis; for example uremic stomatitis. This article describes uremic stomatitis in end-stage renal disease patient undergoing hemodialysis. A 14-year-old girl with chronic kidney disease had already undergoing hemodialysis, came with weak, pale condition and pre-viously vomiting, complaining sore mouth and difficult to eat. Extra oral revealed anemic conjunctiva, dry lips, exfoliative, ero-sive with serosanguinolenta crusts, tend to bleed, multiple purpuras and petechiae on the lower lip. Intra oral showed white plaque cannot be scrapped off on theventral tongue. Painful erosive area and white pseudomembranes on the lower labial mu-cosa, multiple white plaques can be scrapped off leaving erythematous area on the right buccal mucosa, purpura on the left buc-cal mucosa. Laboratory examination supported the diagnosis as as uremic stomatitis and exfoliative cheilitis. To overcome the complaints and improve the oral condition, the patient was treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12%, 0.9% NaCl solution, a mixture of tranexamic acid vials and aqua bides, and vaseline album. It was concluded that uremic stomatitis is an oral manifestation of end-stage renal disease, and appropriate therapy will improve the quality of life of the patient.

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