Breast cancer (BC) is the first malignant neoplasm in women, with a high death rate despite early diagnoses and treatment advances. Significant differences exist between the most common BC and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC presents molecular differences such as lacking expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 proteins, making this cancer have a poor clinical prognostic and lack clear strategies for its treatment. However, growing evidence points to metabolic dysregulation as another differential process between stages and types of BC. Therefore, the study of this crucial hallmark could identify new therapeutic targets to treat this aggressive form of BC. These differences induce an in vitro exploration of the metabolic behavior of the MCF7 cells (nTNBC) and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) cells under lipidomic based LC–MS. The results show more significant differences in lipid regulation (phosphatidylethanolamine) that could be associated with the aggressiveness and difficulties of the treatment of TNBC.

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Insect chemosensory systems, such as smell and taste, are mediated by chemosensory receptor and non-receptor protein families. In the last decade, many studies have focused on discovering these families in Tephritidae species of agricultural importance. However, to date, there is no information on the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens Loew, a priority pest of quarantine importance in Mexico and other countries. This work represents the first effort to identify, classify and characterize the six chemosensory gene families by analyzing two head transcriptomes of sexually immature and mature adults of A. ludens from laboratory-reared and wild populations, respectively. We identified 120 chemosensory genes encoding 31 Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs), 5 Chemosensory Proteins (CSPs), 2 Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins (SNMPs), 42 Odorant Receptors (ORs), 17 Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), and 23 Gustatory Receptors (GRs). The 120 described chemosensory proteins of the Mexican fruit fly significantly contribute to the genetic databases of insects, particularly dipterans. Except for some OBPs, this work reports for the first time the repertoire of olfactory proteins for one species of the genus Anastrepha, which provides a further basis for studying the olfactory system in the family Tephritidae, one of the most important for its economic and social impact worldwide.

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Novel synthetic vaccines as immunotherapy approaches for HIV are interesting strategies that imply big challenges as they increase the poor immunogenic properties of peptide epitopes and their structural damage from the physiological environment.