Salmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are the most important causes of human bacterial diarrheal infections worldwide. These bacterial species are influenced by several factors like behaviour of the host, shedding, environment incl. directly or indirectly through ambient temperature, and the infections show seasonality. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between the occurrence of human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and the ambient temperature. The number of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis cases in two German metropolises, Munich and Berlin, and three rural regions was analysed with simultaneous consideration of the ambient temperature over a period of four years (2001 to 2004) using regression, time series, and cross-correlation analysis. The statistical analysis showed that an increase in the ambient temperature correlated positively with an increase in human Salmonella and Campylobacter cases. The correlation occurred with a delay of approximately five weeks. The seasonal rise in ambient temperature correlated with increased incidence of bacterial diarrheal infections.
A European multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 14b occurred from March to November 2014 associated with the consumption of eggs. The outbreak involved more than 400 human cases from France, Luxembourg, Austria and the United Kingdom. In 2016–2017, it has been re-evaluated combining recent epidemiological results with latest molecular data. The outbreak was traced back to one large Bavarian egg producer with four distinct premises, three located in Bavaria, one in the Czech Republic. The outbreak isolates of S. Enteritidis PT 14b were grouped into three closely related clades by whole genome sequencing. Two of these clades could be referred to two Bavarian premises of the egg producer on the basis of epidemiological and molecular data, while epidemiological data presumably linked the third clade to another premises of the egg producer. Interestingly and in contrast to the situation in other European countries where several outbreaks were documented, all notified 91 laboratory-confirmed cases of S. Enteritidis PT 14b from Bavaria were sporadic, singular cases not belonging to any epidemiological outbreaks. In conclusion, as demonstrated here, the resolution of food-related outbreaks with such a high discriminatory power is rare in outbreak investigation.
A cytofluorometric assay that allowed assessment of damage to phagocytosed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia at the single-cell level was developed. After ingestion by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), conidia were reisolated by treatment of the cells with streptolysin O, a pore-forming toxin with lytic properties on mammalian cells but not on fungi. The counts obtained by staining of damaged conidia with propidium iodide and quantification by cytofluorometry correlated with colony counts. By the use of this method, we demonstrate that MDMs differentiated in vitro by low-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon have only a limited capacity to damageAspergillus conidia in vitro. The killing rate 12 h after phagocytosis was found to be only 10 to 15%. However, intracellular loading of the phagocytes with amphotericin B (AmB) dose dependently enhanced the anticonidial activity. Preincubation of macrophages with only 1 μg of AmB per ml resulted in an uptake of 18 fg of AmB/cell, leading to killing rates of 50 to 60%. The experimental protocol provides a new tool for the rapid quantification of anticonidial activity against A. fumigatus in vitro. Intracellular accumulation of AmB may represent an important factor underlying the efficacy of this antifungal drug in the prophylaxis and treatment ofAspergillus infections.
A combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. Results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.
Einleitung Epidemiologie. Tuberkulose (TB) zählt nach wie vor zu den wichtigsten Infektionskrankheiten weltweit. Im Jahr 2012 erkrankten nach Schätzungen der World Health Organisation (WHO) 8,6 Millionen Menschen an Tuberkulose, 1,3 Millionen starben an der Erkrankung. TB tritt insbesondere in Südostasien und in den Westpazifikregionen auf, dort wurden im Jahr 2012 58 % aller weltweiten humanen TB-Fälle registriert; in Afrika ist die höchste Inzidenzrate im Hinblick auf Erkrankungs-und Todesfälle zu verzeichnen (255 humane Erkrankungsfälle/100 000 Einwohner). Auch wenn die Rate an Tuberkulose-Neuerkrankungen in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich zurückging, stellt die Tuberkulose derzeit die zweithäufigste infektiöse Todesursache nach dem Humanen ImmunodefizienzVirus (HIV) dar. Gerade auch das vermehrte Auftreten von multiresistenten Tuberkulose-Stämmen stellt die Wissenschaft bei der Therapie vor neue Herausforderungen [1]. Die TB zählt zu den klassischen Zoonosen. Übertragungswege. In Europa zählten Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts der Kontakt mit Rindern sowie der Verzehr von Rohmilch und Rohmilchprodukten zu den wichtigsten Übertragungswegen der Tuberkulose. Die Einführung des sog. "Pasteurisierungs-bzw. Erhitzungszwanges" für Milch und eine konsequente Bekämpfung der Rindertuberkulose in den Beständen führte allerdings dazu, dass dieser Infektionsweg heute nahezu in Vergessenheit geraten ist. Heute zählt die aerogene Übertragung von Mensch zu Mensch zu den Hauptinfektionswegen der TB, woraus in vielen Fällen das klassische Erkrankungsbild, die Lungen-TB, resultiert. Alimentär übertragene TB manifestiert sich dagegen häufiger extrapulmonal und betrifft dann, insbesondere bei Kindern, das Lymphsystem, die Knochen und das Gehirn [2]. Auch wenn sich aufgrund der oftmals langen Inkubationszeit eine alimentäre Übertra-gung in vielen Fällen nur noch vermuten, nicht aber mehr lückenlos nachweisen lässt, sollte dieser Infektionsweg grundsätzlich nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Krankenhaushygiene up2date 9 2014 DOI http://dx.Die alimentäre Übertragung der Tuberkulose ist durch Hygienemaßnahmen bei der Lebensmittelverarbeitung in den Hintergrund gerückt. Sie sollte aber wegen der Globalisierung im Handel und geänderter Verzehrgewohnheiten dennoch in Betracht gezogen werden. Hygienemaßnahmen Tipp für die PraxisIn den europäischen Nutztierbeständen, aber auch in der Wildtierpopulation, tritt TB nach wie vor sporadisch auf, sodass eine Übertragung entlang der Lebensmittelkette immer Berücksichtigung finden muss.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.