In our registry-based observational study, patients with type 1 diabetes and a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.9% or lower had a risk of death from any cause or from cardiovascular causes that was twice as high as the risk for matched controls. (Funded by the Swedish Society of Medicine and others.).

Mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes, as compared with that in the general population, varied greatly, from substantial excess risks in large patient groups to lower risks of death depending on age, glycemic control, and renal complications. (Funded by the Swedish government and others.).

Background: In Sweden, FreeStyle Libre a flash glucose monitoring system came onto the market in 2014 as a complement to self-monitoring of blood glucose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and treatment experience of the FreeStyle Libre system.Methods: Fifty-eight adults with type 1 diabetes used FreeStyle Libre for 10–14 days and measured capillary blood glucose levels with the HemoCue blood glucose measurement system at least six times a day simultaneously.Results: For the entire study period, the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was 13.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.0%–14.4%). MARD was 13.6% (95% CI 12.1%–15.4%) during week 1 and 12.7% (95% CI 11.5%–13.9%) during week 2. The mean absolute difference (MAD) for the whole study period was 19.8 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) (95% CI 17.8–21.8 mg/dL), including 20.5 mg/dL (1.14 mmol/L) during week 1 and 19.0 mg/dL (1.05 mmol/L) during week 2. The overall correlation coefficient was 0.96. For glucose values <72, 72–180, and >180 mg/dL (<4, 4–10, and >10 mmol/L), the MARD was 20.3% (95% CI 17.7%–23.1%), 14.7% (95% CI 13.4%–16%), and 9.6% (95% CI 8.5%–10.8%), respectively, and respective MAD values were 12.3, 17.8, and 23.6 mg/dL (0.69, 0.99, and 1.31 mmol/L). Using the 10-item visual analog scale, patients rated their experience with FreeStyle Libre as generally positive, with mean values ranging from 8.22 to 9.8.Conclusions: FreeStyle Libre had a similar overall MARD as continuous blood glucose monitoring systems in earlier studies when studied in similar at-home conditions. The overall patient satisfaction was high.

ObjectiveTo evaluate if the lowest target level for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of <6.5% is associated with lower risk for retinopathy and nephropathy than less tight control in children and adults with type 1 diabetes.DesignPopulation based cohort study.SettingSwedish National Diabetes Registry, 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2017.Participants10 398 children and adults with type 1 diabetes followed from diagnosis, or close thereafter, until end of 2017.Main outcome measuresRelative risk (odds ratios) for retinopathy and nephropathy for different mean levels of HbA1c.ResultsMean age of participants was 14.7 years (43.4% female), mean duration of diabetes was 1.3 years, and mean HbA1c level was 8.0% (63.4 mmol/mol). After adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, blood lipid levels, body mass index, and smoking, the odds ratio for mean HbA1c <6.5% (<48 mmol/mol) compared with 6.5-6.9% (48-52 mmol/mol) for any retinopathy (simplex or worse) was 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.05, P=0.10), for preproliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse was 3.29 (0.99 to 10.96, P=0.05), for proliferative diabetic retinopathy was 2.48 (0.71 to 8.62, P=0.15), for microalbuminuria or worse was 0.98 (0.60 to 1.61, P=0.95), and for macroalbuminuria was 2.47 (0.69 to 8.87, P=0.17). Compared with HbA1c levels 6.5-6.9%, HbA1c levels 7.0-7.4% (53-57 mmol/mol) were associated with an increased risk of any retinopathy (1.31, 1.05 to 1.64, P=0.02) and microalbuminuria (1.55, 1.03 to 2.32, P=0.03). The risk for proliferative retinopathy (5.98, 2.10 to 17.06, P<0.001) and macroalbuminuria (3.43, 1.14 to 10.26, P=0.03) increased at HbA1c levels >8.6% (>70 mmol/mol). The risk for severe hypoglycaemia was increased at mean HbA1c <6.5% compared with 6.5-6.9% (relative risk 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.64, P=0.005).ConclusionsRisk of retinopathy and nephropathy did not differ at HbA1c levels <6.5% but increased for severe hypoglycaemia compared with HbA1c levels 6.5-6.9%. The risk for severe complications mainly occurred at HbA1c levels >8.6%, but for milder complications was increased at HbA1c levels >7.0%.

Key Points Question Does enteral fatty acid supplementation with arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from birth to 40 weeks’ postmenstrual age reduce severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely preterm infants? Findings This randomized clinical trial found that enteral AA and DHA supplementation lowered the risk of severe ROP by 50%. In addition, the group that received enteral AA and DHA supplementation showed higher serum levels of both AA and DHA compared with controls. Meaning Supplementing the diet of the most immature infants born at less than 27 weeks’ gestational age with an enteral lipid solution with AA:DHA had no significant adverse effects and seems to be a promising intervention to prevent sight-threatening ROP and thereby reduce visual impartment and blindness.