The study used the accounting data collected on 22 individual farms which at the  same time cultivated winter wheat and winter rape in 2011 and 2013. The aim of the study was to determine the impact on the income from the cultivation of wheat and rape, predicted in prospect of 2020, taking into account the rate of change in yield and prices of wheat and rape and prices of means of agricultural production. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine the strength of influence of fluctuations in crop and sale price on deviations of income from the  projection for 2020. The  calculations showed that, compared to the average of the studied years, in 2020 income from the cultivation of wheat will increase by 23.4%, and that of rape by 58.4%. However, increase in costs of cultivating wheat, faster than increase in outputs, will affect the profitability of production – by 2.0 percentage points, while for rape profitability it will increase by 7.7 pp. After taking into account the variability of the yield, income from cultivating wheat may vary by ±22.5%, and in the case of rape by as much as ±41.5%. Wheat and rape show much greater sensitivity to the variability of the sale price, and, as a result, income may vary by ±72.5 and ±69.2%, respectively. The study contributes to the development of research meth­ods and can be used by farmers and decision-making centres.

The study aimed to examine the changes in income inequalities in Polish farms and the impact of introducing the threshold of direct payments for farms (EUR 60 000) to form these inequalities. The research was based on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for the years: 2006, 2013 and 2018. In each year, the sample included at least 10 000 observations that represented over 700 000 farms. The results were verified using statistical tests relating to the comparisons of averages and distributions of farm income for two samples and the Gini coefficient. The study noted deepening income inequalities in Polish farms, as evidenced by the increasing value of the Gini coefficient in the subsequent years and the growing share of payments in the formation of these inequalities. Neither for the sample analysed nor the field of observation of farms will introduce the threshold for direct payments per farm of at least EUR 60 000 (including labour costs) change the polarisation of income.

Results of daiRy faRms in Poland comPaRed to the laRgest milk PRoduceRs in the euRoPean union abstractThe article presents economic results and production efficiency in milk production farms in the six EU countries, which are the largest producers in the EU (i.e. Germany, France, Great Britain, Poland, the netherlands and Italy). The analysis used FAdn EU average data for 2010-2013. The results of Polish farms in 2014-2015 were also evaluated, the data collected in the Polish FAdn system was used. The measure of the economic situation of farms was net added value and farm income. Production efficiency was assessed using the productivity index of inputs and fixed assets, profitability index of production and the relation of costs to value production and to farm income without subsidies. The investment activity, the level of debt and the wealth of the farm and its use were also analysed.In terms of production efficiency dairy farms in Italy and Poland stand out. This is shown by high profitability of production, relatively low costs, production of 100 euro value of production and 100 euro of income without subsidies and high productivity of inputs. The results were influenced by low level of debt of farms, as a result lower costs. In the case of Italian farms, liabilities financed 1.1% of the value of their assets, in the case of Polish farms -5.7%, while 42.7% for French farms. This means that French farms were characterized by high financial risks related to running a production activity. Polish FAdn data indicate a deterioration of the income situation of dairy farms in Poland in 2015 (i.e. after the abolition of milk quotas) compared to 2014. Income without subsidies decreased by 50.7% and income with subsidies -by 15.4%. due to lower revenues (e.g. due to the fall in the price of milk), the economic efficiency of production has also deteriorated.

Main aim of this paper was to demonstrate the impact of cultivation intensity on economic of selected activities of crop production in Poland. The projection of income of these activities in mid-term perspective, i.e. in 2016, has also been developed. Studies have shown that for cultivation technology of low intensity, as compared to high, the economic results of examined activities were more favourable. The profitability of production, expressed as a ratio of the value of production to economic costs, was higher by 10.0 to 52.7%. According to the projection results, in the highly intensive cultivation, high costs and dynamics of growth, stronger than growth of income, had a negative impact on the level of income. It is expected, even with an exceptionally high yield, income level will be lower than in the cultivation of low intensity. The results show that the use of technological progress can reduce a negative impact of chemicals on the environment while maintaining the high economic efficiency of production.

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