h t t p : / / j o u r n a l s. c o p m a d r i d. o rg / e j p a l c Mobile phones and the Internet can be very enriching tools for adolescent development. However, if used to cause harm, they also have the potential to be very dangerous. The term cyber-aggression is typically used to refer to acts that are intentionally hurtful, offensive, or harmful to people or institutions through electronic communication devices (Corcoran, McGuckin, & Prentice, 2015). These acts may take several forms, including verbal aggressions (oral or written), the use of mocking or compromising images, impersonation, or online exclusion (Nocentini et al., 2010). Cyber-aggression among adolescents is a matter that warrants attention due to its prevalence and effects. Preventing cyberaggression among adolescents is of paramount importance. To that

Cybercrime is a growing and worrisome problem, particularly when it involves minors. Cyberaggression among adolescents in particular can result in negative legal and psychological consequences for people involved. Therefore, it is important to have instruments to detect these incidents early and understand the problem to propose effective measures for prevention and treatment. This paper aims to design a new self-report, the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA), to evaluate the extent to which the respondent conducts aggressions through a mobile phone or the internet and analyse the factorial and criterion validity and reliability of their scores in a sample of adolescents from Asturias, Spain. The CYBA was administered to 3,148 youth aged between 12 and 18 years old along with three self-reports to measure aggression at school, impulsivity, and empathy. Regarding factorial validity, the model that best represents the structure of the CYBA consists of three factors (Impersonation, Visualsexual Cyber-aggression, and Verbal Cyber-aggression and Exclusion) and four additional indicators of Visual Cyber-aggression-Teasing/Happy Slapping. Regarding criterion validity, the score on the CYBA correlates positively with aggression at school and impulsivity and negatively with empathy. That is the way cyber-aggression correlates with these three variables, according to previous empirical evidence. The reliability of the scores on each item and factor of the CYBA are adequate. Therefore, the CYBA offers a valid and reliable measure of cyber-aggression in adolescents.

Antisocial behavior is strongly associated with academic failure in adolescence. There is a solid body of evidence that points to parenting style as one of its main predictors. The objective of this work is to elaborate a reduced, valid, and reliable version of the questionnaire by Oliva et al. (2007) to evaluate the dimensions of parenting style and to analyze its psychometric properties in a sample of Spanish adolescents. To that end, the designed questionnaire was applied to 1974 adolescents 12–18 years of age from Asturias (Spain). Regarding construct validity, the results show that the model that best represents the data is composed of six dimensions of parenting style, just as in the original scale, namely affection and communication; promotion of autonomy; behavioral control; psychological control; self-disclosure; and humor. The psychological control factor negatively correlates with the other factors, with the exception of behavioral control, with which it positively correlates. The remaining correlations among the factors in the parenting style questionnaire are positive. Regarding internal consistency, the reliability analysis for each factor supports the suitability of this six-factor model. With regard to criterion validity, as expected based on the evidence available, the six dimensions of parenting style correlate in a statistically significant manner with the three antisocial behavior measures used as criteria (off-line school aggression, antisocial behavior, and antisocial friendships). Specifically, all dimensions negatively correlate with the three variables, except for psychological control. In the latter case, the correlation is positive. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos analizar la prevalencia de la ciberagresión y la cibervictimización entre adolescentes en Asturias (España) e identificar posibles diferencias de género. Para ello, fueron evaluados 3.175 adolescentes, de 12 a 18 años, seleccionados aleatoriamente de entre la población de estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de Asturias. Se aplicaron tres autoinformes: un cuestionario «ad hoc» sobre datos sociodemográficos y manejo de tecnologías de comunicación; el «Cuestionario de Ciberagresión para Adolescentes» (CYBA), para evaluar con qué frecuencia el adolescente evaluado reconoce haber ejercido diferentes conductas de ciberagresión durante los últimos tres meses; y el «Cuestionario de Cibervictimización para adolescentes» (CYVIC), para evaluar con qué frecuencia el adolescente reconoce haber sido víctima de diferentes tipos de ciberagresión en los últimos tres meses. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una prevalencia muy variable en función del tipo de ciberagresión o cibervictimización analizado. La ciberagresión verbal y la exclusión online son más habituales que la suplantación y la ciberagresión visual. Por lo general, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos y chicas. En los casos en que existen, la tendencia general es que los chicos son más agresores que las chicas y las chicas más víctimas que los chicos, si bien las diferencias son pequeñas o muy pequeñas. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la investigación futura y el tratamiento educativo del problemaThe objective of the present work is to analyse the prevalence of cyber-aggression and cyber-victimization among adolescents in Asturias (Spain) and to identify possible gender differences. To this end, 3,175 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were randomly selected from the student population attending compulsory secondary education in Asturias and assessed. They completed three self-reported tests: an ad hoc questionnaire on sociodemographic data and communication technologies management; the “Cyber-aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents” (CYBA), to assess how frequently adolescents acknowledge having exercised various cyber-aggressive behaviours in the previous three months; and the “Cyber-victimization Questionnaire for Adolescents” (CYVIC), to assess how frequently adolescents acknowledge having been a victim of various types of cyber-aggression in the previous three months. The results obtained show a high variation in prevalence based on the type of cyber-aggression or cyber-victimization analysed. Verbal cyber-aggression and online exclusion are more common than impersonation and visual cyber-aggression. There are generally no statistically significant differences between boys and girls. When differences do appear, boys generally tend to be more aggressive than girls, while girls are more likely to be victims. However, these differences are either small or very small. The implications of these results for future research and educational treatment of the problem a...

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