No abstract

Leishmaniasis belongs to the parasitic communicable zoo noses, caused by members of Leishmania species.The infected phlebotomies sand fly carries the parasites, which cause the different forms of disease. Retrospective/prospective review of records for documented cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in period from 1992 to 2012 in Montenegro shows 83 diagnostic cases, and 1 (1.20%) case with dermal leichmaniasis. with 3 (3.61%) deaths cases. Analyses of age show: 36 (43.37%) children and 47 (56.63%) adults. Examinations are based on epidemiological, clinical, hematological, patohystological and serological investigations. Infection can be sub-clinically or clinically manifested with acute, sub-acute, and chronic type. Incubation in clinically manifested infections ranges from several weeks to several months. In our study, the prevalence of general infective syndrome is registered in all of 83 manifested cases (100%). Enlarged spleen in 79 (95.18%) cases, enlarged liver in 37 (44.57%) cases, anemia in 49 (59.04%) cases, pancytopenia in 32 (38.55%) cases, and increased activity of serum aminotransferases in 37 (44.57%) cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by an analysis of bone marrow biopsy material by direct microscopy of serial sections colored by Romanowski and Giemsa s staining, and by immune-biochemical methods. Serological diagnostic is confirmed by using agglutination test. In Montenegro (in humans and dogs) two types of leishmania (L) (L. donovani, L. infantum were presented). As to therapy treatment, the common treating is with antimony drugs: glucantime is relatively satisfactory for a long time. During 2008 there were registered cases not responding to the therapy and those were manifested with relapses after therapy. In the first line of therapy, we used meglumine antimony (Glucantime) in 78 (93.97%) patients. Resistence developed in 7 (8.97%) during treatment, and relapse occurred in 5 (6.41%) patients. It was 1 (1.20%) patient treated with Miltefosine the one who had a relapse, and with Amphotericin B (Ambisome) 4 (4.82%) patients.

Montenegro is an endemic country for a significant number of vector-borne diseases VBD . Natural conditions and geographical position Mediterranean area are favorable for the existence of the disease, and its expansion . Current vector-borne transmissible parasitic infections that haves been registered in Montenegro includes leishmaniasis, babesiosis, malaria, and filariasis dirofilariasis .The causers of leishmaniasis are the members of protozoa leishmania species spp . The phlebotomies are the primary vectors in transmission of parasites. Documented cases of visceral leishmaniasis VL from to in Montenegro present cases with of Kala-azar, and the case of skin leishmaniasis. In the coinfection of leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS for the first time was registered in one case. Babesiosis is a parasitic infection similar to malaria.In transmission of parasites, the primary vectors have different tick species, possibly the other blood meal vectors sand flies, mosquitoes, and bugs .Dispersion of the infection in the worldwide is enabled by a wide range of reservoirs of parasites. Examinations in Europe proved that babesia is the most frequent agent of co-infection together with Borrelia burgdorferi. The first diagnosed cases of human babesiosis in Montenegro were registered in . By the end of , cases were diagnosed. The coinfection of babesia and B.burgdorferi were registered in % cases.

Bacground/Aim. Groin hernias are common pathology among men population. Only curative treatment is surgical reparation with various surgical procedures for groin hernia solving. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most prevalent surgical procedures and early postoperative complications after groin hernia reparation in large series of operated patients, and to assess the morphologic characteristics of groin hernias. Methods. The retrospective study included all patients with groin hernia who underwent surgical reparation from 2009 to 2012. In all patients a demographic characteristics, including gender and age, clinical characteristics and hernia type were analyzed. The surgical procedure for hernia solving and early postoperative complications were assessed. Results. The study included 1,211 patients. The male/female ratio was 1,127/84 (p < 0.001). Inguinal hernia was found in 1,195 patients (94.5% males). Femoral hernia was found in 16 patients (25% males and 75% females). Significant difference in distribution of inguinal and femoral hernia between genders was found (p < 0.001). In males right sided inguinal hernia was present in 57.6%. In females right sided inguinal hernia was present in 7 and left sided in 5 patients. Sixsten patients had bilateral inguinal hernia, all in males. There was no significant difference in side of inguinal hernia occurrence and gender. Right sided and left sided femoral hernias were present in the same percent in males. In females a higher occurrence in femoral hernia was found on the right side then on the left one (7:5) without significant difference. There were 71.1% of patients in the age group of 51-80 and 27.2% of patients in the age group of 61-70. Surgical procedures included: Lichtenstein in 51.2% of patients, nylondarn in 29.6% of patients, Bassini in 16.2% of patients, Lothaissen in 1.7% of patients, and Halsted in 1.4% of patients. Overall, postoperative complications were present in 78 (6.4%) of patients. Wound infection was the most common complication, occurred in 2.4% of patients. Conclusion. Prevalence of inguinal hernias is higher in men population, while femoral hernias are more common in females. The most affected population is at the age between 61 and 80 years. The most commonly used open surgical procedures for groin hernia reparation are Lichtenstein and nylon-darn. Both methods have low and similar incidence rates of postoperative complications.

No abstract