The electric vehicles (EVs) could potentially have a significant impact on power quality parameters and distribution networks as they are non-linear loads and their charging might result in tremendous power demand. When connected to the utility grid, a large number of EV charging stations from different manufacturers might create significant harmonic current emissions, impact the voltage profile, and eventually affect the power quality. Nevertheless, practical examples of disturbances from charging stations have not been made public. This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of conductive disturbances and levels of current harmonics generated by charging station and their severity on the quality of electric energy. The analysis was based on tests of a prototype station of an EV charging station integrated with a LED street light. The tests concern the determination of current harmonics and the values of conductive electromagnetic disturbances in the 150 kHz–30 MHz range. The test results of the prototype charger with observed exceedances of current harmonics (25th–39th range) and conducted interference exceedances are comprehensively described. After applying filtering circuits to the final version of the station, retesting in an accredited laboratory showed qualitative compliance.

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a significant role in a gradual shift towards low-carbon society. However, the impact of electromobility on a power system includes different power quality problems that need to be mitigated. Power Quality Analyzer SONEL PQM-700 was used for the measurement and analysis of the power quality parameters during slow charging (at ~11A, ~8,3 A and ~5,5 A) of a BMW i3 electric vehicle. The read-out mode of the device was considered. The state of EV charge was 30%. The measurements focused on the values of supply voltage, drawn current, harmonics, values of active, reactive and apparent power. In this study, type 2 connector was used to charge the EV. The power quality parameters during the BMW i3 charging were within limits, not a single parameter was exceeded. Additionally, the current state of electric vehicle charging methods and EV charging infrastructure was described and power conditioning solutions were presented.

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The chapter presents a new model for nutrient-dependent utilization of feed energy and energy metabolism based on the balance of ATP-bound energy (ATP concept). The ATP potential of absorbed feed nutrients is gradually used at different levels of the metabolism, up to the surplus of ATP potential, which can be stored as body fat or protein and/or transferred in secretory products (milk, eggs). Except chemical heat regulation, all metabolic processes consume or produce ATP-bound energy. From this point of view, ATP synthesis is the only one real energy utilization and only the efficiency of ATP synthesis from partially utilized substrates controls energy metabolism (heat production). The balance of ATP-bound energy is the only additive net energy balance, because we can express the feed energy, maintenance requirements and body nutrients (gain, secretions) in an uniform additive scale, the ATP-related energy, which is derived from experimentally estimated or calculated relationships of nutrient utilization by ATP synthesis. The described principles agree with experimental results, and open up new possibilities for conceptual thinking, for carrying out experiments based on new information and for creation of a new universal system for energetic feed evaluation.

Electromobility is becoming an increasingly popular topic mostly thanks to its positive environmental impact. Replacing combustion engine cars with electric vehicles seems to be a matter of time. Electric cars have many advantages, but their impact on a power quality must be taken into consideration. The article describes current status of electromobility and problems related to the influence of charging stations on a power system. The issue of standardisation of electromagnetic compatibility requirements for charging stations is also discussed.