Our results suggest secondary to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism impairment of hormonal stroma adipose tissue function in PCOS, independent of nutritional status. Contrarily, the adipocyte hormonal dysfunction is primarily dependent on excessive fat accumulation. It seems that the AOR may be useful in the assessment of adipose tissue dysfunction not only in PCOS.

BackgroundSymptoms of depression are common in patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and are usually a reaction to deterioration of health, severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, and erectile dysfunction. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with BPH and factors affecting their occurrence in a large Polish cohort.Patients and methodsFour thousand thirty-five men (4,035) diagnosed with BPH participated in the survey (age 65 ± 8 years). The occurrence of symptoms of depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory, severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the basis of the international prostate symptoms score, and erectile dysfunction using the international index of erectile function (IIEF-5).ResultsDepressive symptoms were found in 22.4 % of patients (mild in 20.8 % and moderate/severe in 1.6 %). Erectile dysfunction was found in 71.9 % of patients. Monotherapy for BPH was prescribed to 50.9 % of patients (mostly ARA—selective α1-selective alpha-adrenolytic—47.5 %), while polytherapy (ARA with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor—5αRI) to 47.9 %. Logistic regression analysis showed a bidirectional relation between the occurrence of depressive symptoms and erectile dysfunction. The occurrence of both depressive symptoms and erectile dysfunction was related to severity of LUTS, nocturia, the use of 5αRI, comorbidity, and sedentary life style.ConclusionsPrevalence of depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with BPH is associated with severity of LUTS, erectile dysfunction, nocturia, BPH pharmacotherapy (5αRIs), sedentary life style, and comorbidities including obesity.

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with changes in immunological system. Such changes are the result of cytokine-level disturbances connected with cytokine gene polymorphisms. However, research about cytokine gene polymorphisms in schizophrenia has been surprisingly limited and ambiguous. The aim of the study was to identify whether polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are risk factors for the development of paranoid schizophrenia in case-control study. IL-6 (-174G/C; rs 1800795) and IL-10 (-1082G/A; rs 1800896) promoter polymorphisms in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and healthy individuals were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Differences in IL-6 and IL-10 promoter haplotypes may play an important role in determining the transcription level for IL-6 and IL-10 genes in schizophrenic patients. The presence of allele C at position -174 of IL-6 promoter sequence may correlate with increasing risk of paranoid schizophrenia in the Polish population, but research on a broadened group of people is needed. The presence of allele G at position -1082 of IL-10 promoter sequence correlates with increasing risk of paranoid schizophrenia in the Polish population. The coexistence of genotype GG at position -1082 of IL-10 promoter sequence and genotype GC at position -174 of IL-6 promoter sequence correlates with increasing risk of paranoid schizophrenia in the Polish population.

Nutritional status seems to have different effects on apelin release, particularly, its active isoform, in women with PCOS compared with women without PCOS. This may be partially caused by changes in leptin and resistin secretion and may enhance pituitary-ovarian axis disturbances. The association between both isoforms of apelin and insulin resistance seems to be bidirectional.

In this observational study, nutritional status appears to be the main factor influencing circulating AMH levels independent of PCOS. The observed AMH association with omentin-1 levels suggests that this adipokine may be a link between hormonal dysfunction of adipose tissue related to obesity and decreased AMH secretion.