The main purpose of present review is to describe and organize autosomal recessive disorders (arachnomelia, syndactylism, osteopetrosis, dwarfism, crooked tail syndrome, muscular hyperplasia, glycogen storage disease, protoporphyria), which occur among beef cattle, and methods that can be applied to detect these defects. Prevalence of adverse alleles in beef breeds happens due to human activity—selections of favorable features, e.g. developed muscle tissue. Unfortunately, carriers of autosomal recessive diseases are often characterized by these attributes. Fast and effective identification of individuals, that may carry faulty genes, can prevent economical losses.

The molecular mechanism underlying embryonic implantation is vital to understand the correct communications between endometrium and developing conceptus during early stages of pregnancy. This study’s objective was to determine molecular changes in the uterine endometrial proteome during the preimplantation and peri-implantation between 9 days (9D), 12 days (12D), and 16 days (16D) of pregnant Polish Large White (PLW) gilts. 2DE-MALDI-TOF/TOF and ClueGOTM approaches were employed to analyse the biological networks and molecular changes in porcine endometrial proteome during maternal recognition of pregnancy. A total of sixteen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified using 2-DE gels and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Comparison between 9D and 12D of pregnancy identified APOA1, CAPZB, LDHB, CCT5, ANXA4, CFB, TTR upregulated DEPs, and ANXA5, SMS downregulated DEPs. Comparison between 9D and 16D of pregnancy identified HP, APOA1, ACTB, CCT5, ANXA4, CFB upregulated DEPs and ANXA5, SMS, LDHB, ACTR3, HP, ENO3, OAT downregulated DEPs. However, a comparison between 12D and 16D of pregnancy identified HP, ACTB upregulated DEPs, and CRYM, ANXA4, ANXA5, CAPZB, LDHB, ACTR3, CCT5, ENO3, OAT, TTR down-regulated DEPs. Outcomes of this study revealed key proteins and their interactions with metabolic pathways involved in the recognition and establishment of early pregnancy in PLW gilts.

During the early stages of pregnancy, the uterine endometrium undergoes dramatic morphologic and functional changes accompanied with dynamic variation in gene expression. Pregnancy-stage specific differentially expressed gene (DEG)-transcript-probes were investigated and identified by comparing endometrium transcriptome at 9th day (9D), 12th day (12D) and 16th day (16D) of early pregnancy in Polish large-white (PLW) gilts. Endometrium comparisons between 9D-vs-12D, 9D-vs-16D and 12D-vs-16D of early pregnancy identified 6049, 374 and 6034 highly significant DEG-transcript-probes (p < 0.001; >2 FC). GO term enrichment analysis identified commonly shared upregulated endometrial DEG-transcript-probes (p < 0.001; >2 FC), that were regulating the gene functions of anatomic structure development and transport (TG), DNA-binding and methyltransferase activity (ZBTB2), ion-binding and kinase activity (CKM), cell proliferation and apoptosis activity (IL1B). Downregulated DEG-transcript-probes (p < 0.001; >2 FC) were involved in regulating the gene functions of phosphatase activity (PTPN11), TC616413 gene-transcript and Sus-scrofa LOC100525539. Moreover, blastn comparison of microarray-probes sequences against sus-scrofa11 assembly identified commonly shared upregulated endometrial DEG-transcript-probes (E < 0.06; >2 FC), that were regulating the gene functions of reproduction and growth (SELENOP), cytoskeleton organization and kinase activity (CDC42BPA), phosphatase activity (MINPP1), enzyme-binding and cell-population proliferation (VAV3), cancer-susceptibility candidate gene (CASC4), cytoskeletal protein-binding (COBLL1), ion-binding, enzyme regulator activity (ACAP2) Downregulated endometrial DEG-transcript-probes (E < 0.06; >2FC) were involved in regulating the gene functions of signal-transduction (TMEM33), catabolic and metabolic processes (KLHL15). Microarray validation experiment on selected candidate genes showed complementarity to significant endometrial DEG-transcript-probes responsible for the regulation of immune response (IL1B, S100A11), lipid metabolism (FABP3, PPARG), cell-adhesion (ITGAV), angiogenesis (IL1B), intercellular transmission (NMB), cell-adhesion (OPN) and response to stimuli (RBP4) was confirmed by RT-PCR. This study provides a clue that identified pregnancy-stage specific microarray transcript probes could be considered as candidate genes for recognition and establishment of early pregnancy in the pig.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of 0, 1, 3, and 6% of Spirulina powder (SP) on physicochemical properties and consumer acceptability of shortbread biscuits during storage. Color, hardness, water content, water activity, total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content, lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile, and sensory evaluation of biscuits were determined on 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Results showed that biscuits baked with the addition of SP were significantly harder and darker than the control during the whole period of storage.Despite this, they were still acceptable by consumers. It was observed that in each day of storage biscuits with SP had more phenolic compounds and higher values of TAA than the control, and their contents increased with the level of SP addition. Moreover, the addition of SP reduced oxidative changes of shortbread biscuits during storage. Practical ApplicationsIntense competition in the market of biscuit manufacturers forces to implement product innovations in order to attract new groups of consumers. Shortbread biscuits with Spirulina powder could be characterized not only by nutritional properties and quite good sensorial acceptability but also by extended shelf life. Additionally, so far products identical with the proposed have not been observed, which creates great opportunities for their commercialization.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the well-known molecular markers in genetics and breeding studies applied to veterinary sciences and livestock production. Advancement of next generation sequencing (NGS) provides a high-throughput means of potential putative SNP discovery. The aim of the study was to identify the putative genetic variants in gluteus medius muscle transcriptome of Polish Landrace pigs.Methods. RNA-seq based NGS experiment was performed on Polish Landrace pigs fed with omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (and normal diets. Isolation of total RNA from gluteus medius muscle was performed PUFAs dietary of Polish Landrace pigs. The RNA-seq libraries were constructed by mRNA enrichment, mRNA fragmentation, second strand cDNA synthesis, adaptor ligation, size selection and PCR amplification using the illumina TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit v2 (Illumina, San Diego CA, USA), followed by NGS sequencing on MiSeq illumina platform. The quality control of raw RNA-seq data was performed using the Trimmomatic and FastQC tools. High QC pairedend RNA-seq data of gluteus medius muscle transcriptome were mapped to the reference genome Sus scrofa v.10.2. Finally, the SNPs discovery was performed using GATK and SAMtools bioinformatics SNPs caller tools. Results:The Fastq RNA-seq data generated from two pooled paired-end libraries (151bp) of gluteus medius muscle tissue of Polish Landrace pigs were submitted to NCBI SRA database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra). Study identified a total of 50.5 million pairedend reads (32.5 million low PUFAs dietary group and 18 million reads high PUFAs dietary group) of gluteus medius muscle transcriptome of Polish Landrace pigs. SNP discovery identified a total of 35436 homozygous and 28644 heterozygous cSNPs in gluteus medius muscle transcriptomes representing both dietary groups of Polish Landrace pig. Moreover, a total of 25187 and 5488 cSNP were identified as synonymous SNPs, and 18005 and 4780 cSNP were identified as nonsynonymous SNPs. Finally, single nucleotide variation (SNV) representing substitutions of all four possibilities (A,T,G,C) were identified ranging 2935 to 3227 SNVs (high PUFAs) and 3528 to 3882 SNVs (low PUFAs) for the heterozygous cSNPs and 2712 to 4058 (high PUFAs) and 4169 to 5692 SNVs (low PUFAs) for the heterozygous SNPs in gluteus medius muscle transcriptomes of Polish Landrace pigs. Conclusions.Study concluded that identification of cSNPs dataset representing the gluteus medius muscle transcriptome of Polish Landrace pigs fed with a control diet (low) and pigs fed with a PUFAs diet (high) may be helpful to develop a new set of genetic markers specific to Polish Landrace pig breed. Such cSNP markers eventually can be utilized in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and to finally implement on marker assisted selection (MAS) and genomics selection (GS) program in active breeding population of Polish Landrace pigs in Poland.