Introduction The oral cavity is a unique ecosystem in which the microbiome is formed by the colonization of billions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Aim of the study was to assess the quality and quantity of bacterial microbiota of the oral cavity in children with type 1 diabetes in comparison to healthy children. Material and methods The study group consisted of 50 randomly selected type 1 diabetic children aged 10–18 years divided into 2 groups (25 people each) according to the level of diabetes control: well-controlled group (WC) – HbA 1c ≤ 7.5%) and poorly-controlled group (PC) – HbA 1c > 7.5%. The control group (GC) consisted of 25 randomly selected children with no systemic diseases. The material for microbiological tests was collected as two swabs: one from the bottom of the oral cavity and the other one from the posterior part of the dorsum of the tongue). Results The statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the total number of isolated microorganisms between PC and GC ( post hoc test p = 0.003) and WC and GC ( post hoc test p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of isolated microorganisms between PC and WC ( p = 0.195). Conclusions Oral microbiome in type 1 diabetic children is significantly quantitatively different in comparison to healthy children. There are also visible qualitative differences in the profile of oral microbiota in type 1 diabetic children and healthy children.

Dental caries and periodontal status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus Intensywność próchnicy zębów oraz stan przyzębia u dzieci chorujących na cukrzycę typu 1

Introduction: A phobia is defined as an irrational fear, the intensity of which is inadequate to the circumstances, and it leads to the avoidance of situations that trigger it. A person with dentophobia avoids dental treatment, even when the pain in the teeth or oral cavity exceeds their fear. Fear and anxiety are the most common emotional states experienced by patients in dental offices. The aim of the study was to determine the following: the probable causes of dentophobia, which procedures patients fear the most, and the subjective feeling of fear on a point scale. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in the form of an anonymous online questionnaire and its printed equivalent. The survey was available from 23 January to 16 March 2020, and it was addressed to adult respondents. In total, 130 respondents and 102 dental students took part in the survey. Results: It is worthwhile emphasizing that the main reason for dentist visits (for almost one-third of men and almost one-fifth of women surveyed) is a toothache. Periodontal problems (2.2%), tooth extractions (1.8%), and prosthetic consultations (0.9%) were relatively rare reasons for the respondents to visit a dentist. The vast majority of respondents see the cause of dentophobia as being related to their previous bad experiences. The second most frequently chosen answer is anxiety, which is caused by the sounds of dental apparatus. Conclusions: Pain is the most common reason given for fear of visiting a dentist, as well as the cause of dentophobia. Pain reduction can positively affect the frequency of visits to a dentist, thus, improving the condition of the oral cavity of patients.

Introduction: Endodontics is a rapidly developing field of dentistry. Dentists have an increasing selection of techniques, tools, and materials to ensure therapeutic success.Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the endodontic treatment regimens and their application in the daily practice of dentists. Material and Methods: A dentist survey was conducted through a Google Doc. The link to the form was placed on online dental groups, sent by e-mail to the offices and the questionnaire was also delivered to the dental offices in a printed form.Results: The majority of respondents always perform endodontic treatment procedures on pregnant women, take three X-rays and use a rubber dam during the treatment. Almost all respondents have the opportunity to take an X-ray in the workplace, and the working length is usually measured by the electronic method. The most commonly used methods of root canal preparation are the traditional and crown-down methods, and the most commonly used root canal filling method - the thermal method. Most of the respondents declared the following rinsing protocol: NaOCl and CA or EDTA.  Apex locator, ultrasounds, and microscopes are used in most dental offices, and more than half of the dentists responded that they perform procedures like broken tools removal or obliterated canals enlargement.Conclusions: Polish endodontics has developed over the years. Modern solutions are used more and more often. The canals are filled with the thermal method, and the popularity of performing complex endodontic procedures has increased. However, it is necessary to conduct further studies comparing the effectiveness of the canal preparation methods and the standardization of the root canal irrigation protocol.