Prenatal development is currently recognized as a critical period in the etiology of human diseases. This is particularly so when an unfavorable environment interacts with a genetic predisposition. The fetal programming concept suggests that maternal nutritional imbalance and metabolic disturbances may have a persistent and intergenerational effect on the health of offspring and on the risk of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

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Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is the way of therapeutic activities for anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals. Serum albumins are the major soluble protein able to bind and transport a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands, including hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. In this study, a novel N-substituted 1H-pyrrolo[3–c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenases and interactions with BSA. In vitro, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition assays were performed. Interaction with BSA was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism measurement. The molecular docking study was conducted to understand the binding interaction of compounds in the active site of cyclooxygenases and BSA. The result of the COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory studies revealed that all the compounds potentially inhibited COX-1 and COX-2. The IC50 value was found similar to meloxicam. The intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was quenched by tested compounds due to the formation of A/E–BSA complex. The results of the experiment and molecular docking confirmed the main interaction forces between studied compounds and BSA were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force.

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The long-term use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in treatment of different chronic inflammatory disorders is strongly restricted by their serious gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to search for new, safe, and efficient anti-inflammatory agents. Previously, we have reported the Mannich base-type derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone which strongly inhibit cyclooxygenase, have better affinity to COX-2 isoenzyme and exert promising anti-oxidant activity. These findings encouraged us to perform further optimization of that structure. Herein, we present the design, synthesis, molecular docking, spectroscopic, and biological studies of novel pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives bearing 4-aryl-1-(1-oxoethyl)piperazine pharmacophore 5a,b–6a,b. The new compounds were obtained via convenient, efficient, one-pot synthesis. According to in vitro evaluations, novel molecules exert no cytotoxicity and act as selective COX-2 inhibitors. These findings stay in good correlation with molecular modeling results, which additionally showed that investigated compounds take a position in the active site of COX-2 very similar to Meloxicam. Moreover, all derivatives reduce the increased level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and prevent DNA strand breaks caused by oxidative stress. Finally, performed spectroscopic and molecular docking studies demonstrated that new compound interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are moderate, formation of complexes is in one-to-one ratio, and binding site II (subdomain IIIA) is favorable.