Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy to affect females. The first suggestions of BC and its treatment date back to Ancient Egypt, 1500-1600 B.C. Throughout history, the management of BC has evolved from extensive radical mastectomy towards less invasive treatments. Radical mastectomy was introduced by W.S. Halsted in 1894, involving the resection of the breast, regional lymph nodes, pectoralis major and minor. Despite its mutiloperative lymphatic mapping and the concept of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB) have been developed. SLNB has replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) to be the standard procedure for axillary staging in patients with clinically node-negative BC. Many women have since been spared ALND, including those with negative SLNB or with SLNs involved with micrometastases (0.2-2 mm in size). In the last decade, evidence gathered from new clinical trials suggests that ALND may be safely omitted even in BC patients with 1 or 2 positive SLNs if adjuvant radiotherapy is delivered.ating effect, it had been the main surgical approach to BC patients until 1948, when Patey and Dyson proposed its modified form that conserved pectoralis major and minor and the level III of axillary lymph nodes. The latter was associated with less postoperative morbidity and improved quality of life. The idea of limited breast tissue resection was introduced in the 1970s by Umberto Veronesi and led to further minimizations of surgery in BC patients until breast conservation became the standard of care for early-stage disease. In the 1990s, intra

Arterial myocardial revascularization using different arterial conduits as mammary, radial, gastroepiploic, subscapular and epigastric arteries are well documented. This report describes a preparation and use of thoracodorsal artery as a free graft for coronary artery bypass grafting. The preparation and removal of thoracodorsal artery were performed through right axilla. The artery was used as a free conduit for left anterior descending artery (LAD) in a 58-year-old female for the second revascularization. The saphenous veins, mammary arteries, right radial artery and epigastric artery were not available. The perioperative course was uneventful and we can recommend the graft as an alternative for such cases.

No abstract

No abstract

Introduction: Pathological pulmonary hernia is a rare clinical entity which can be caused by malignancies. Clinical Picture: A 72-year-old female presented with a painful bulge in the left 4th intercostal space. Chest radiography and computed tomography demonstrated a left pulmonary hernia, pleural effusion and destruction of ribs. Treatment: The hernia sac was excised and a part of the chest wall was resected with reconstruction of residual defect. Outcome: The patient died 2 years after the treatment. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach involving various medical specialists may offer patients with pathological pulmonary hernia remarkable palliation and better quality of life. Key words: Palliative care, Surgical flaps, Surgical mesh