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Introduction:The aim of the study was to identify clinical indications for head computed tomography (HCT) in children with mild head injuries (MHI). Materials and methods:A retrospective analysis of medical documentation for 1615 children treated between 2010-2015 due to head injuries was carried out. Only patients with MHI and HCT were included in the study. Mild head injuries was defined as blunt trauma of the head with minimally altered mental status measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS, 14/15) and/or loss of consciousness (LOC) less than 5 min and no focal neurologic deficit (Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee). Mental status was assessed with GCS for adults/children depending on the patient's age. The demographic characteristics of the children including age, sex, mechanism of the trauma, findings on history, physical examinations, and HCT scans were documented. Statistical analysis was preformed to find the relationship between clinical signs and abnormal HCT scan. Results: The mean age was 9 years and 10 months, and 98 (60%) of the children were male. The vast majority of the children (149.92%) had a GCS score of 15. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall from a height (25%) and vehicle crash (22%). The most common indications for HCT scan were headache (50%) and LOC (39%). The incidence of positive HCT findings was 31%. Only 7 (4%) children required neurosurgical intervention. There was a significant correlation between abnormal HCT in the vehicle crash mechanism of injury, vomiting, and clinical signs of basilar/maxillofacial skull fracture. Conclusions: Head computed tomography is indicated in children with MHI caused by vehicle crash, presence of vomiting, and clinical signs of basilar/maxillofacial fracture.

Purpose Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstructions were analysed to elucidate factors affecting the anatomical relationship between tooth roots and the mandibular canal(MC). Materials and Methods Images of 300 volumetric tomography scans of patients aged between 20 and 79 years old (167 women and 133 men) were analysed. The mean distances between 2,053 dental root apices and the internal border of the MC were obtained by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances on coronal CBCT images. The actual distance was then calculated mathematically with the Pythagorean formula. The statistical significance of differences between men and women was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Correlations with patient age were evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results The mean distances ranged from 2.17 mm, for single right third molar roots in women, to 8.02 mm for single left third molar mesiolingual roots in men. The mean distances measured for the mandibular right second molar mesial roots and the right second premolar roots were larger in men than in women. Age showed a significant positive correlation with the measured distances for mesial and distal roots of the first and second molar on both sides and the right third molar, mesiolingual roots of the left third molar, and single roots of the right third molar. Conclusion The root-to-mandibular canal distance depended on age and the type of tooth. In 2 root types, this distance was impacted by sex.