Aim. Generalization of literature and proprietary data on genetic-physiological and evolutionary processes occurring in human populations in environmentally neglected industrial cities. In the review information is given about damage to the genetic apparatus of cells of a human organism under influence of unfavorable environmental factors and disadaptations of different genesis. To denote the totality of alterations induced by the given exposure, a new term is introduced genetics of disadaptations. The information of mutagenic factors of the environment of industrial cities associated with growth of oncological diseases and of malformations resulting from chromosomal aberrations in cells is generalized. The problem of genetic burden of human populations in environmentally neglected territories and of the influence of disadaptive factors on this process is discussed. Information of the ecological situation and morbidity of the population in Cherepovets industrial city is given. A role of disadaptations in genetic-evolutionary processes occurring in human populations is shown. The cause of different manifestations of disadaptation in the population is stated to be divergence of traits. A hypothesis is proposed and evidences are given in favor of the existence of natural selection for a disadaptive trait in human populations. It is suggested that being accumulated in a human organism, disadaptive disorders may be transmitted to the next generations reducing vital ability of organisms and inducing different diseases. Conclusion. Within the topic, examples of different prophylactic measures for improving the health of the population of industrial cities are given to prevent unfavorable alterations of human genome under the influence of unfavorable ecological and related disadaptive factors.

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This review discusses the problem of diagnostics of atherosclerosis from the standpoint of the need of developing new approaches and principles for more effective detection of this disease at the early stages of its course in the humans. The insufficiently studied basic stages and mechanisms of lipid metabolism are indicated, which in the future may have diagnostic value. The lipid composition of blood plasma and its fractions, which are associated with a high risk of the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is assessed. The determining of the role of cholesterol, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a wide variability of the atherogenic lipid profile and its direct relationship with calcium metabolism in atherosclerotic damage of the vascular wall is accentuated. It is shown that the basis of dyslipidemia and civilization diseases (atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus) is a disorder of the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation of lipid metabolism. The immunological mechanisms of the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic process and the marker signs that identify this process are discussed in details. A generalized scheme of peroxidation of blood plasma lipoproteins and the subsequent molecular-cellular stages of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the intima of the vascular wall is presented. The current modern methods of diagnosing dyslipidemia are briefly described and the lipid-lowering effects of certain drugs are noted, a forecast is given for the creation of new, more effective statins. In conclusion, the work confirms the importance of studying the qualitative composition of lipids and the expansion of physico-chemical and molecular genetic diagnostic methods for studying metabolism.

This article discusses the relationship between maladaptation and blood vessel aging. The work shows that upright posture created an additional load on the circulatory system, and the lifestyle of a modern human is an additional risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. It has been suggested that a disorder of the nervous regulation of vascular tone is the main etiopathogenetic mechanism of morphofunctional changes in blood vessels and their aging. We discussed the statute that vascular reactions in humans is based on the formation of a maladaptive circuit in the cerebral cortex, consisting of a matrix of motor, sensory and associative cortical neurons involved in the maladaptive process. This hypothesis is based on the fact that any irritations entering the cerebral cortex from the periphery (thermal, pain, and others) cause cortical-vascular reflex reactions that change their tonic activity. Based on this principle, a model of vascular aging is further constructed, which is based on the maladaptive damage to all layers of the vascular wall (intima, media and adventitia). The opinion is expressed about the need for early diagnosis and prevention of vascular disorders to maintain human health. In conclusion, it is concluded that if the age of a person is really determined by the age of his blood vessels, then in order to achieve active longevity it is necessary to normalize the relationship in the adaptation-maladaptation-environment. Detailed study of hypertrophy and calcification of blood vessels is needed, since aging always reveals vascular wall thickening and stiffness increase.

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