Background According to the World Health Organization, more than 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus, and almost 800.000 patients die annually of mediated liver disorders. Therefore, adequate biological test systems are needed that could fully simulate the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods In this study, we will assess the effectiveness of existing protocols for isolation and cultivation of primary cells derived from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of the yield of viable cells and their ability to replicate the hepatitis B virus using isolation and cultivation methods for adhesive primary cells, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Another part of our study will be devoted to evaluating the effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma grafting methods to obtain patient-derived heterotopic and orthotopic xenograft mouse avatars using animal X-ray irradiation and surgery procedures and in vivo fluorescent signals visualization and measurements. Our study will be completed by histological methods. Discussion This will be the first extensive comparative study of the main modern methods and protocols for isolation and cultivation primary hepatocellular carcinoma cells and tumor engraftment to the mice. All protocols will be optimized and characterized using the: (1) efficiency of the method for isolation cells from removed hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of their quantity and viability; (2) efficiency of the primary cell cultivation protocol in terms of the rate of monolayer formation and hepatitis B virus replication; (3) efficiency of the grafting method in terms of the growth rate and the possibility of hepatitis B virus persistence and replication in mice. The most effective methods will be recommended for use in translational biomedical research.

Understanding the entire pathogenesis of HIV infection, from penetration at the gates of infection to the induction of severe immunodeficiency, is an essential tool for the development of new treatment methods. Less than 40 years of research into the mechanisms of HIV infection that lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have accumulated a huge amount of information, but HIV's own unique variability identifies new whitespaces. Despite the constant improvement of the protocols of antiretroviral therapy and the success of its use, it has not yet been possible to stop the spread of HIV infection. The development of new protocols and the testing of new groups of antiretroviral drugs is possible, first of all, due to the improvement of animal models of the HIV infection pathogenesis. Their relevance, undoubtedly increases, but still depends on specific research tasks, since none of the in vivo models can comprehensively simulate the mechanism of the infection pathology in humans which leads to multi-organ damage. The aim of the review was to provide up-to-date information on known animal models of HIV infection, focusing on the method of their infection and anatomical, physiological and pathological features.

Крупные вспышки респираторных синдромов человека, вызываемых коронавирусными инфекциями, с начала ХХI в. стали причиной гибели более миллиона человек на планете. Несмотря на то что первая волна коронавирусной инфекции случилась еще в 2002 г., до сегодняшнего дня не существует ни одной адекватной животной модели, одновременно удовлетворяющей потребности научного сообщества в воспроизведении патогенеза, клинических проявлений, иммуногенности, разработке и испытании средств специфической профилактики и терапии тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома, ближневосточного респираторного синдрома и коронавирусного заболевания 2019 г. (COVID-19). Цель работы-представить актуальную информацию по известным животным моделям респираторных синдромов человека, вызываемых коронавирусными инфекциями, и акцентировать внимание читателя на их адекватности, заключающейся в максимально точной имитации клинических признаков и патоморфологических изменений. Ключевые слова: коронавирус; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; животные модели; обзор. Источник финансирования. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования при проведении исследования. Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с публикацией настоящей статьи.