This is one of the six reports submitted to Snowmass by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. The Indico subscription page: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1130036/ contains the link to the reports and gives the possibility to subscribe to the papers.The policy for signatures is that, for each individual report, you can subscribe as "Author" or as "Signatory", defined as follows:-"Author" indicates that you did contribute to the results documented in the report in any form, including e.g. by participating to the discussions of the community meeting, sending comments on the drafts, etc, or that you plan to contribute to the future work. The "Authors" will appear as such in on arXiv. -"Signatory" means that you express support to the Collaboration effort and endorse the Collaboration plans. The "Signatories" list will be reported in the text only.

This is one of the six reports submitted to Snowmass by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. The Indico subscription page: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1130036/ contains the link to the reports and gives the possibility to subscribe to the papers.The policy for signatures is that, for each individual report, you can subscribe as "Author" or as "Signatory", defined as follows:-"Author" indicates that you did contribute to the results documented in the report in any form, including e.g. by participating to the discussions of the community meeting, sending comments on the drafts, etc, or that you plan to contribute to the future work. The "Authors" will appear as such in on arXiv. -"Signatory" means that you express support to the Collaboration effort and endorse the Collaboration plans. The "Signatories" list will be reported in the text only.

This is one of the six reports submitted to Snowmass by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. The Indico subscription page: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1130036/ contains the link to the reports and gives the possibility to subscribe to the papers.The policy for signatures is that, for each individual report, you can subscribe as "Author" or as "Signatory", defined as follows:-"Author" indicates that you did contribute to the results documented in the report in any form, including e.g. by participating to the discussions of the community meeting, sending comments on the drafts, etc, or that you plan to contribute to the future work. The "Authors" will appear as such on arXiv. -"Signatory" means that you express support to the Collaboration effort and endorse the Collaboration plans. The "Signatories" list will be reported in the text only.

The different components of the benthic community of a sandy microtidal beach (Arenzano) in Liguria (NW Mediterranean) were investigated during late spring (May) 2002 and. Sampling was carried out in two transects, chosen in order to represent the characteristics of the entire beach and their eventual spatial variations. Each transect included two stations: one placed in the swash zone (SW) and one in the surf zone (SF). Although no significant differences were found in the sediment texture over the 2 years (t-tests p > 0.1 for all the granulometric fractions), notwithstanding an increase in the mean grain size (from 0.8 to 1.1 mm) between the sampling periods, 2002 was characterised by a higher quantity of organic matter (on average 14.4 vs. 3.6 gC m )2 for the sum of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and higher bacterial biomass (on average 1.9 vs. 0.9 gC m )2 ). The metazoan assemblages (meiofauna and macrofauna) were also richer (density = 2.9 Â 10 5 vs. 1.0 Â 10 5 ind. m )2 , biomass = 0.09 vs. 0.03 gC m )2 for meiofauna; density = 1988 vs. 739 ind. m )2 , biomass = 0.14 vs. 0.03 gC m )2 for macrofauna) in 2002. A significant quantitative reduction (t-test for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, at least p = 0.004) in the food supply in 2003 affected the abundance of the metazoans, as confirmed by a multivariate analysis that clearly differentiated the 2 years, and seemed to inhibit their relationships within the benthic food web. The bacterial biomass was always dominant, even under the least favourable trophic conditions, due to the ability of bacteria to adapt to a very harsh environment. Our results suggest that the food supply played an important role in the benthic community structures of the beach during late spring, bacteria being the key organisms within the benthic system. The communities seemed to be bottom-up controlled, while predation seemed to be irrelevant.

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.