In the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Jânio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in São Paulo. The Jânio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Jânio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in São Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world.

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OVERVIEW OF THE ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN BRAZIL. Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical chemistry play an important role to face the challenges of the contemporary world. They have contributed to the advance of the scientific development of our country, helped to promote economic and social progress as well as cultural dissemination. These areas have greatly contributed to the knowledge about thermodynamics and kinetics of the electron transfer reactions, energy conversion, synthesis and modification of compounds, corrosion, and development of fast, sensitive, and selective analytical methods. This work presents an overview of the areas by analyzing the technical and scientific papers produced in Brazil on these subjects, and the analysis of the Brazilian scientific societies that were formed and consolidated, which have contributed to spread the scientific knowledge. The improvement of these areas can be attributed to the good quality of the human resources formed during long time as well as the growing of distribution of research groups in different regions of the country. The success/ future of these areas are associated with good academic/scientific education, low cost of instrumentation, formation of networks of excellence between researchers, and large cooperation projects that improved with the sharing of ideas, technologies, infrastructure, and equipment. All of which has contributed to strengthening consolidated and emerging graduation programs.Keywords: Trends in Electrochemistry; Electroanalytical chemistry assessment; research in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis. INTRODUÇÃOA Eletroquímica se caracteriza pela natureza universal e multidisciplinar e desempenha papel importante no desenvolvimento da ciência, com reflexos no crescimento econômico e melhoramento da qualidade de vida. Pode ser definida de modo mais abrangente como o ramo da Química que lida com reações químicas que envolvem corrente elétrica e potencial. Algumas reações químicas que ocorrem espontaneamente podem gerar corrente elétrica, que pode ser usada para fazer trabalho útil; enquanto outras reações químicas podem ser forçadas a prosseguir usando corrente elétrica.A história da Eletroquímica começa no século XVIII quando Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) estabeleceu uma ponte entre contração muscular e eletricidade, e Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) anunciou a invenção da pilha (ou célula) voltaica, a primeira bateria elétrica moderna.Enquanto seus antecessores, incluindo Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), contribuíram para o entendimento da eletricidade estática, a pilha voltaica produzia corrente contínua e assim abriu duas novas áreas de estudo: a produção química de eletricidade e os efeitos da eletricidade sobre os compostos químicos. As descobertas de Michael Faraday (1791-1867) que resultaram nas duas leis fundamentais da Eletroquímica, publicadas em 1834, predizem quanto produto resulta ao passar uma certa quantidade de carga através de um composto químico ou de sua solução, processo que ele chamou de "eletróli...