A sarna da batata, de ocorrência generalizada nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil e do mundo, é considerada como uma das doenças bacterianas mais importantes que afetam a cultura. Sua incidência vem aumentando, tornando-se um fator limitante na produção da batata no Brasil. A sarna é causada por diferentes espécies do gênero Streptomyces, sendo S. scabiei a espécie mais amplamente distribuída. Os sintomas se caracterizam por lesões superficiais ou profundas que podem afetar toda a superfície do tubérculo, acarretando diminuição do seu valor comercial e até mesmo impedindo a sua comercialização. Os mecanismos de patogenicidade de Streptomyces são considerados altamente evoluídos, e diferentes fatores de patogenicidade estão envolvidos nos processos de penetração, colonização e evasão do sistema de defesa da planta, como a fitotoxina taxtomina A, a proteína necrogênica Nec1 e a enzima tomatinase. Entretanto, algumas espécies fitopatogênicas causadoras da sarna não produzem taxtomina, nem a proteína Nec1, indicando que outras vias metabólicas estão envolvidas na patogenicidade dessas espécies. Considerando os fatores favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da doença, diferentes estratégias de controle podem ser adotadas, a fim de se reduzir a incidência e severidade da sarna. Medidas de controle como plantio de cultivares resistentes, certificação de batata-semente, tratamento dos tubérculos antes do plantio e controle químico ou biológico têm sido empregadas. Entretanto, ainda não há um método com total eficácia. Nesta revisão, serão apresentados e discutidos aspectos relevantes sobre o histórico da sarna da batata, etiologia, ciclo de vida do patógeno, distribuição mundial, determinantes de patogenicidade, medidas de manejo e técnicas de identificação do agente causal.
The genus Streptomyces is associated with the ability to produce and excrete a variety of bioactive compounds, such as antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral. Biological active polyketide and peptide compounds with applications in medicine, agriculture and biochemical research are synthesized by PKS-I and NRPS genes. The evaluation of the presence of these genes associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in different phytopathogenic Streptomyces strains were performed using degenerated primers. The positive signal was observed in 58/63 Streptomyces strains for NRPS gene, 43/63 for PKS-I, and for PKS-II all the 63 strains showed positive signal of amplification. These strains also were tested with double layer agar-well technique against bacterial with clinical importance, and it was possible to observe the Streptomyces spp. strains were able to inhibit the growth of 14, 20, 13 and 3 isolates Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) respectively. The Streptomyces sp. strains IBSBF 2019 and IBSBF 2397 showed antibacterial activity against all four bacteria-target tested.
Two new actinobacteria, designated strains IBSBF 2807T and IBSBF 2953T, isolated from scab lesions on potato tubers grown in the southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, respectively, were characterized and identified through a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences revealed that these two strains belong to the genus Streptomyces . Multilocus sequence analysis using five concatenated genes, atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB, allocated strains IBSBF 2807T and IBSBF 2953T in distinct branches of Streptomyces phytopathogenic strains. PCR-RFLP analysis of the atpD gene also confirmed that these strains differ from the type strains of Streptomyces associated with potato scab. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization, along with the overall genome-related index properties, indicated that these two strains could be distinguished from their closest phylogenetic relatives and each other. According to the data, IBSBF 2807T and IBSBF 2953T represent two new Streptomyces species related to potato scab. The proposed names for these strains are Streptomyces hilarionis sp. nov. (IBSBF 2807T=CBMAI 2674T=ICMP 24297T=MUM 22.66T) and Streptomyces hayashii sp. nov (IBSBF 2953T=CBMAI 2675T=ICMP 24301T=MUM 22.68T).
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