The findings suggest that 1) the LPP is an effective tool to study processes associated with emotion regulation in adolescents, and 2) expressive suppression, in terms of its neural indicators, seems to become more effective with age. The nature and utility of expressive suppression as a specific form of emotion regulation in adolescents are discussed.

Losing and regaining reflective functioning in the times of Covid-19: Clinical risks and opportunities from a mentalizing approach Much has been said about the severe mental health consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic-a "collective trauma", defined as an epidemiological and psychological crisis (APA, 2020)-both in the present and in the foreseeable future. A large body of evidence suggests that mentalizing is a beneficial transtheoretical and transdiagnostic concept not only for understanding vulnerability to psychopathology, but also in its treatment (for review, see: Luyten, Campbell, Allison, & Fonagy, 2020). The current commentary therefore seeks to consider the Covid-19 pandemic-related risks for psychopathology, but also discuss the clinical opportunities of the situation by incorporating a perspective of mentalization theory and practice. Mentalizing, reflective functioning, stress and trauma Mentalizing (or reflective functioning) is defined as the capacity of an individual for understanding oneself and others in terms of intentional mental states, including beliefs, feelings, goals, and attitudes (Luyten et al., 2020). Mentalizing is an evolutionary prewired capacity and is closely associated with attachment, social learning and epistemic trust (Fonagy & Allison, 2014), as well as with emotion regulation (Fonagy, Gergely, & Jurist, 2018). The capacity to mentalize is essential for social, familial, and interpersonal functioning and is an effective buffer for a wide array of psychopathology (Luyten et al., 2020). Furthermore, impairments in mentalizing are seen as transdiagnostic factors implicated in multiple disorders such as depression and anxiety (Luyten & Fonagy, 2018; Nolte, Guiney, Fonagy, Mayes, & Luyten, 2011), personality disorders including BPD copy or cite without authors' permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its

Background Mentalizing and psychological mindedness are two key, partially overlapping facets of social cognition. While mentalizing refers to the ability to reflect on one’s own mental states and the mental states of others, psychological mindedness describes the ability for self-reflection and the inclination to communicate with others about one’s own mental states. Purpose This study examined the development of mentalizing and psychological mindedness throughout adolescence and into young adulthood, and the interplay between the two with gender and the Big Five Personality Traits. Methods 432 adolescents and young adults (ages 14–30) were recruited from two independent schools and two universities. Participants completed a set of self-report measures. Results A curvilinear trend in both mentalizing and psychological mindedness indicated a gradual development of these capacities with age, peaking in young adulthood. Across all age groups, females had consistently higher mentalizing scores than males. For females, scores only changed significantly between age bands 17–18 to 20+ (p<0.001), ES (d = 1.07, 95% CI [.1.52–.62]). However, for males, a significant change in scores appeared between two age bands of 14 to 15–16 (p<0.003), ES (d = .45, 95% CI [.82–.07]), and 17–18 to 20+ (p<0.001), ES (d = .6, 95% CI [.1.08–.1]). The change in psychological mindedness scores differed, and females did not have consistently higher scores than males. Females’ scores were only significantly higher for ages 14 (p<0.01), ES (d = .43, 95% CI [.82–.04]), and 15–16 (p<0.01), ES (d = .5, 95% CI [.87–.11]). As with the development of mentalizing abilities, female scores in psychological mindedness remained stable from 14 to 18 years of age, with a significant change between age bands 17–18 and 20+ (p<0.01), ES (d = 1.2, 95% CI [1.7–.67]). Contrastingly, for males significant change occurred between 15–16, 17–18 (p<0.01), ES (d = .65, 95% CI [1.1–.18]) and 20+ (p<0.01), ES (d = .84, 95% CI [1.5–.2]). A significant positive association was found between mentalizing and psychological mindedness and the personality traits of Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness (p<0.0001). Psychological mindedness had a weaker positive correlation with Extraversion and Openness to Experience (p<0.05). Conclusions The discussion is focused on the interpretation of the findings in light of social cognition and brain development research.