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The rise of the Internet and new online services have led to the wide-scale illegal distribution of digital entertainment products, such as music, movies, games, and books. We analyze whether firms in the entertainment industry should fight unlicensed usage by providing specific offers that maximize the utility for segments relying on unlicensed usage, i.e., by optimizing timing and pricing strategies, or whether they should simply accept a certain level of unlicensed usage. We combine Becker's (1968) economic approach to analyzing social issues with random utility theory to develop a choice model for media products in which we account for unlicensed usage. We then apply the model in two large-scale empirical studies on movies and books. The results show that consumers who prefer unlicensed usage are sensitive to the marketing mix to some extent in both markets. However, optimizing timing and pricing only has limited impact on additional revenue generation. Thus, from a managerial perspective, it is very difficult to reduce the relative loss due to unlicensed usage by providing targeted offers.

COVID-19 induced restrictions ordered by governments around the world have been an exogenous shock to the music industry, which we divide into two affected groups: 1) live music events and 2) recorded music. While the impact on live music events is rather obvious, it is unclear how the current pandemic is affecting the recorded music market. Hence, we study consumers’ pre- and post-pandemic shifts in consumer spending (in euros) and music consumption (in hours) across live music events, as well as the digital and physical submarkets of recorded music, in the world’s fourth largest music market, Germany. Relying on an online bi-annual panel capturing five waves between winter 2018/19 and winter 2020/21, we find that the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the continuous trend towards digitalization of the music landscape with premium streaming being the biggest beneficiary. However, total monthly consumer spending on music decreased by more than 45% compared to pre-pandemic, with live music events and physical sales being the most severely affected. Surprisingly, music consumption in hours also decreased during the lockdown even though consumers spent more time at home.