RESUMENSe realizó un estudio para indagar en las causas y posibles factores que originan la fractura en la estructura de la madera de Eucalyptus nitens. Para esto se examinó el comportamiento nanomecánico de la lamela media (LM), de las capas S1 y S2 de la pared celular. También se determinaron el número, área y diámetro de los vasos que están asociados a niveles de agrietamiento extremos (alto y bajo). Se estudiaron dos familias de Eucalyptus nitens procedentes de dos sitios de la 8 va Región de Chile. Mediante el cálculo y análisis de la razón de ductilidad (E/H), se determinó que la LM es más quebradiza que la capa S1, y ésta a su vez más quebradiza que la capa S2; existiendo diferencias signi cativas en la ductilidad de estas capas. La LM y capa S1 se comportan como materiales resilientes, no así la capa S2. La diferencia en el módulo de resiliencia se relacionó con las mayores tensiones de corte que se presentaron en las interfaces LM/S2 y S1/S2. La caracterización de los vasos mostró que la familia con nivel de agrietamiento mayor, tiene mayor frecuencia, área y diámetro de vasos, los cuales contribuyen a la concentración de esfuerzos en la estructura celular de la madera. Los resultados evidenciaron que la capa S1 fue más débil que la capa S2 y LM dada la diferencia en resistencia entre ellas y que complementado con las tensiones internas que se generan en el proceso de crecimiento del árbol se producen las microgrietas. Palabras claves:Eucalyptus nitens, nanoindentaciones, propiedades nanomecánicas, anatomía de la madera, fracturas de la madera. ABSTRACTis study was conducted to investigate the causes and posibles factors related to fractures in the cellular structure in Eucalyptus nitens. Nanomechanical cell wall properties at the middle lamella level (ML), S1 and S2 layers were evaluated. In addition, the area, and diameter of vessels were measured. ese parameters were associated with extreme levels of cracking (high and low) in two Eucalyptus nitens families. e samples were taked from two sites of the 8 th Region of Chile. e analysis of the ductility ratio (E/H) demonstrated that the ML is more brittle than the S1 layer; and the S1 is more brittle than S2 layer. e ML and S1 layer behave like resilient materials, but not the S2 layer. e di erence in the modulus of resilience was related to higher shear stresses at the ML/ S2 and at S1/S2 interfaces. e characterization of the vessels showed that the families with greater level of cracking have also lower frequency and greater area and diameter of vessels e S1 layer was
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los resultados de la investigación empírica sobre el comercio callejero de las comunas de Santiago y Concepción realizada entre marzo de 2015 y febrero de 2016. Dichos resultados fundamentaron la elaboración de un Mapa del comercio informal de calle y contribuyeron a la identificación de aspectos importantes de ese fenómeno, como su extensión sobre el territorio, el número de trabajadores involucrados, rasgos del comportamiento de dichos trabajadores y la relación de esa actividad con el espacio urbano. Palabras clave: comercio callejero, espacio urbano, trabajo informal, mapa del trabajo informal. The objective of this article is to analyze the results of empirical research carried out between March of 2015 and February of 2016 on the street trade in Santiago and Concepción counties. The results were used as a base to create a Map of Informal Street Trade and aided in the identification of important aspects of this phenomenon, such as its spread throughout the territory, the number of workers involved, aspects of the workers' behavior, and the relationship of this activity with urban space.
-A rearing technique was standardized to produce Tetranychus urticae Koch on Phaseolus vulgaris (ICA Cerinza variety) as a prey of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Two assays were conducted to assess the following variables: 1. the most suitable plant age for mite infestation, 2. the best time to harvest the mites and reinfest the plants. In the fi rst experiment, four-, fi ve-, six-, and seven-week-old plants of P. vulgaris were infested with six T. urticae per foliole. The lower plant stratum exhibited the largest number of mites regardless of plant age. However, four-weekold plants had the larger average number of individuals. In the second experiment four-week-old plants were infested with 0.5 female mite/cm 2 of leaf. The number of individuals per instar of T. urticae was recorded weekly. The highest mite production occurred between four and fi ve weeks after infestation, indicating this to be the most suitable for mite harvesting and for plant reinfestation.
Las coberturas vegetales urbanas proveen diversos servicios ecosistémicos. Sin embargo, las enfermedades causadas por fitopatógenos están disminuyendo su prestación, por esta razón, es de vital importancia promover la sanidad forestal, para lo cual es necesario reconocer los síntomas que la afectan, así como los microorganismos que generan síntomas patológicos, a fin de buscar alternativas de control biológico. Así pues, el objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el potencial antagónico de cinco cepas de Trichoderma spp. contra fitopatógenos foliares del arbolado urbano. Se tomaron muestras en 28 puntos parques, distribuidos a lo largo de los Cerros Orientales. En cada uno, se recolectaron hojas sintomáticas, se aislaron los microorganismos y se realizaron las pruebas de antagonismo. Como resultado se obtuvo que cuatro de las cinco cepas probadas tienen un porcentaje de inhibición mayor al 60 %, lo que las convierte en candidatas promisorias para el control de fitopatógenos. Además, microorganismos como Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp. y Trichothecium spp. resultaron ser los más susceptibles a la cepa.
The supply of predatory mites as natural enemies is a key component to guarantee the success of biological pest control programs as alternatives to chemical control in commercial crops. To meet the demand for a supply of biologicals, the mass rearing of natural enemies is an option, and the first step must be to develop a standardized system that maximizes the production of prey. One choice for this first step is to use simulation models that can evaluate scenarios that are difficult or complex to address experimentally. In this work, a model was developed to evaluate the current management conditions for the mass rearing of the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Our aim was to identify alternative scenarios to maximize mite production through mass rearing that could be evaluated in real systems. We assumed that populations of T. urticae were regulated by the conditions of supply-demand theory and modeled the age structure, temperature effects, and individual phenology of T. urticae. The supply-demand theory of resources was used to regulate populations, which involved structured ages and temperature effects for the different stages in the development of individuals. We used the functional response and the paradigm of metabolic pool models to describe resource acquisition and allocation. We demonstrated that 7- to 14-day-old plants infested with 45 or 62 T. urticae/plant could reach 25,000 individuals/plant, being 50% of these preys at the preferred stages by the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Our theoretical model requires validation in experimental/real systems of mass rearing to better verify the validity of all of the parameters and predictions before commercial implementation.
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