SummaryThe use of periclavicular brachial plexus block as regional anaesthesia for surgical procedures on the upper extremity is common. However, the proximity of the pleura results in a risk of pneumothorax. Without ultrasound monitoring, the pneumothorax risk has been reported to be as high as 6.1%. We conducted a prospective, observational study to examine the risk of pneumothorax in 6366 ultrasound-guided periclavicular plexus blocks. All patients with a clinically manifest and radiologically confirmed pneumothorax were analysed. Clinically symptomatic pneumothorax occurred in four patients (0.06%; 95% CI 0.001-0.124), in three of them after a two-day latency period. Ultrasound guidance does therefore appear to reduce the risk of pneumothorax. Although all of the anaesthesiologists involved in the complications had previously performed fewer than 20 blocks, we are not able to confirm that a block experience ≤ 20 is a significant risk factor. Faulty image-setting, inability to obtain a view of the needle tip and inadequate supervision are likely to be important risk factors.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently the most critical challenge in public health. An understanding of the factors that affect severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will help fight the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and blood type distribution. The big data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Johns Hopkins University were used to assess the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic. The infection data in the early phase of the pandemic from six countries in each of six geographic zones divided according to the WHO were used, representing approximately 5.4 billion people around the globe. We calculated the infection growth factor, doubling times of infection and death cases, reproductive number and infection and death cases in relation to the blood type distribution. The growth factor of infection and death cases significantly and positively correlated with the proportion of the population with blood type A and negatively correlated with the proportion of the population with blood type B. Compared with the lower blood type A population (<30%), the higher blood type A population (⩾30%) showed more infection and death cases, higher growth factors and shorter case doubling times for infections and deaths and thus higher epidemic dynamics. Thus, an association exists between SARS-CoV-2 and the ABO blood group distribution, which might be useful for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.

enthält begleitende Videos. Beitrag und Zusatzmaterial stehen Ihnen auf www. springermedizin.de zur Verfügung. Bitte geben Sie dort den Beitragstitel in die Suche ein, das Zusatzmaterial finden Sie beim Beitrag unter "Ergänzende Inhalte". Die Lungen-und Thoraxsonographie ist eine Untersuchungsmodalität bei der COVID-19-Erkrankung und eignet sich zur Erweiterung der klinischkörperlichen Untersuchung, weil sie sensitiv die Lungenoberfläche untersuchen kann. Diese verändert sich in den Sonogrammen mit bislang häufig beschriebenen Mustern und im Verlauf bei COVID-19-Pneumonie. Deutsche Fachgesellschaften der klinischen Akut-, Notfallund Intensivmedizin sowie der Bildgebung, die mit der Versorgung von Patienten mit SARS-CoV-Weitere Informationen zu den Affiliations der Autoren befinden sich auf der letzten Artikelseite. Medizinische Klinik-Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin Leitlinien und Empfehlungen Infobox 1 Beteiligte Fachgesellschaften, alphabetische Reihenfolge 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Interdisziplinäre Notfall-und Akutmedizin (DGINA; federführend) 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für internistische Intensiv-und Notfallmedizin (DGIIN) 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (DGP) 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie (DGT) 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin (DEGUM) 4 Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv-und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) 4 Deutsche Röntgengesellschaft (DRG) Bevollmächtigte aus den Fachgesellschaften M

IntroductionCardiac arrest is a leading cause of death in industrialised countries. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines follow the principles of closed chest compression as described for the first time in 1960. Mechanical CPR devices are designed to improve chest compression quality, thus considering the improvement of resuscitation outcomes. This protocol outlines a systematic review and meta-analysis methodology to assess trials investigating the therapeutic effect of automated mechanical CPR devices at the rate of return of spontaneous circulation, neurological state and secondary endpoints (including short-term and long-term survival, injuries and surrogate parameters for CPR quality) in comparison with manual chest compressions in adults with cardiac arrest.Methods and analysisA sensitive search strategy will be employed in established bibliographic databases from inception until the date of search, followed by forward and backward reference searching. We will include randomised and quasi-randomised trials in qualitative analysis thus comparing mechanical to manual CPR. Studies reporting survival outcomes will be included in quantitative analysis. Two reviewers will assess independently publications using a predefined data collection form. Standardised tools will be used for data extraction, risks of bias and quality of evidence. If enough studies are identified for meta-analysis, the measures of association will be calculated by dint of bivariate random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated by I2-statistics and explored through sensitivity analysis. By comprehensive subgroup analysis we intend to identify subpopulations who may benefit from mechanical or manual CPR techniques. The reporting follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval will be needed because data from previous studies will be retrieved and analysed. Most resuscitation studies are conducted under an emergency exception for informed consent. This publication contains data deriving from a dissertation project. We will disseminate the results through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and at scientific conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017051633.

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