We investigated short-term changes in relative paternity among a female's offspring in the long-finned squid Loligo pealeii. We conducted mating trials in the laboratory in which a single female mated with 2 males over the course of a few hours while laying successive egg capsules. Through microsatellite typing, we determined the males' relative paternities for the first and second egg capsules laid during each of 10 mating trials. Relative paternity of the first egg capsule was typically in favor of the first male to mate in the trial, although this was the only male to mate before the the first egg capsule was laid. When the female mated with an additional male before the second egg capsule was laid (all 10 trials), the first male to mate typically continued to achieve high relative paternity in the second capsule when the interval between first mating and second egg laying was relatively brief (i.e. 40 min or less). Dramatic differences in relative paternity were observed in the second capsule when the interval between the first mating and the laying of the second egg capsule was longer than 140 min. The present study argues against routine second and later-male sperm precedence in loliginid squids, pointing to other influences on paternity, such as the interval between insemination and egg laying.

Genomic characterization using nonradioactive probes, polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers for whitefly transmitted geminiviruses and nucleotide sequencing were used to describe a new bipartite geminivirus, associated with dwarfing and leaf curling of tomatoes and peppers in Jamaica. Partial DNA-A and DNA-B clones were obtained. DNA sequence analysis showed that tomato and pepper samples have a similar geminivirus associated with them. Nucleotide sequence identity > 92% between the common regions of DNA-A and DNA-B confirmed the bipartite nature of the Jamaican geminivirus isolates. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of DNA-A and DNA-B with those of geminiviruses representing the major phylogenetic groups of Western Hemisphere geminiviruses showed the greatest similarity to potato yellow mosaic virus and members of the Abutilon mosaic virus cluster of geminiviruses. This new virus is given the name tomato dwarf leaf curl virus (TDLCV) because of the dwarfing and leaf curling symptoms associated with infected tomato plants. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization showed mixed infections of TDLCV with tomato yellow leaf curl virus from Israel in 16% of the field samples of tomatoes and peppers.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the mission and implementation of digital libraries from an historian's perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis paper summarizes the abstract qualities that historians look for in their sources, and then compares various digital archives both qualitatively and quantitatively, highlighting design features that enhance or detract from the ease of use.FindingsPreservation is the paramount mission of research libraries. Digital interfaces should contain images of original documents, html text documents hold little interest. Site interfaces should enable users to browse and zoom with minimal mouse clicks. Downloadable viewers should be avoided. Simple browsing is more important than keyword searching. Google Books sets the standard for digital information, and digital librarians can measure their site interface by that yardstick.Originality/valueThis paper provides feedback to administrators of digital libraries. It gives library scientists candid opinions from an intensive end user of digital information, contains several practical suggestions, and explains the reasoning behind those suggestions.

The study of nationalism encompasses so many themes that scholarly communication between different subfields has become difficult. Scholars might facilitate comparison by acknowledging different types of nationalism, but an overview of various taxonomies of nationalism shows that binary taxonomies have a problematic normative subtext, while most non-binary taxonomies have failed to reach a broad audience. Miroslav Hroch, who intended his A-B-C phases to schematize non-state national awakening, also devised a taxonomy of nationalism. Hroch's work has influenced nationalism scholars mostly through its phase theory of how individual national movements develop over time. While other phase theorists have proposed similar schema, Hroch's work has attracted such a wide audience that it provides scholars with a solution to the problem of inter-disciplinary communication: it offers a useful terminology for classifying and describing various sorts of nationalism.