Openness and collaboration in scientific research are attracting increasing attention from scholars and practitioners alike. However, a common understanding of these phenomena is hindered by disciplinary boundaries and disconnected research streams. We link dispersed knowledge on Open Innovation, Open Science, and related concepts such as Responsible Research and Innovation by proposing a unifying Open Innovation in Science (OIS) Research Framework. This framework captures the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of open and collaborative practices along the entire process of generating and disseminating scientific insights and translating them into innovation. Moreover, it elucidates individual-, team-, organisation-, field-, and society-level factors shaping OIS practices. To conceptualise the framework, we employed a collaborative approach involving 47 scholars from multiple disciplines, highlighting both tensions and commonalities between existing approaches. The OIS Research Framework thus serves as a basis for future research, informs policy discussions, and provides guidance to scientists and practitioners.

What role will the EU play on the global stage? The struggle of some of its members in the current economic crisis, its apparent inability to punch its political weight in international negotiations (e.g. the climate summit in Warsaw in 2013) or play a dominant part in international crisis management (the Arab Spring, Syria) cast doubt on the capabilities of the EU as a global player. In order to regain its strength, the EU has to deal with pressing economic and political questions. It has to provide a credible and feasible road map for economic recovery and social cohesion. At the same time, it has to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of European governance without risking its legitimacy. To preserve its actor capacity, the EU must make sure that the (presently unequally distributed) growth potential stemming from research and development serves the economic recovery of the union as a whole. At the same time, successful efforts to make European governance more efficient must be accompanied by additional safeguard measure to ensure its legitimacy. Policy Implications• From technocratic to democratic federalism: Governance reform has increased the efficiency of European economic governance. Strengthening intergovernmental decision making and surveillance and sanctioning has damaged the legitimacy of European governance. Menaced by a looming currency crisis, policy recommendations concern all aspects of domestic politics (especially social politics) and are more likely to interfere with national sovereignty. Restoring legitimacy is vital for the European project. Power should be transferred from the European Council (where strong members can impose their will on weak ones) to the European Parliament.• Towards a European research union: The 'Europe 2020' strategy provides a useful economic road map for some member states. It demands investment in research and development (R&D) education and high-tech industries but promises considerable medium-term growth in return. Findings indicate an 'innovation gap' between middle and Northern European member states and those in the South. Countries that are able to invest and spend on product and process innovation will gain the economic capabilities to generate growth, while those members that are currently unable to do so are threatened with falling behind even further. Structural funds of the EU should be used to replace shortcomings in domestic investment in R&D and help to develop tailored, country-specific road maps for sustainable growth.• Increasing the EU's actor capacity: In order to re-establish itself as a global player the EU must increase internal cohesion (autonomy) on key topics and communicate its key agenda in international relations (authority). The EU as an actorIt is now over five years since the Lehman bankruptcy triggered a global economic crisis. Political reaction within the EU culminated in the agreement on 'Europe 2020' (EC, 2010). This strategy should provide a road map for economic recovery and guarantee the EU a strong position in ...

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