Istilah subaltern dihadirkan sebagai sinonim kaum proletar. Gayatri Spivak menekankan pentingnya melihat mekanisme hegemonik yang tidak disadari mengenai penggunaan atribut kata subaltern. Mereka berada dalam wacana hegemonik yang berarti ada semacam manipulasi secara tidak sadar atas apa yang mereka lakukan. Dalam kajian teoritis Spivak, kelompok subaltern adalah kelompok yang suaranya selalu direpresentasikan, sementara representasi hanyalah alat untuk menuju dominasi nyata. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat yang tertekan dan terjajah (subaltern), harus berbicara, harus mengambil inisiatif, dan menggelar aksi atas suara mereka yang terbungkam. Karena kekuasaan kolonial terus dipertahankan dalam dan melalui discourse (wacana) yang berbeda-beda. Sebagai kritikus feminis poskolonial Gayatri Spivak terus menerus menantang pemikiran kontemporer Barat dengan menunjukkan betapa wacana-wacana dan praktik-praktik kelembagaan dan budaya dominan telah secara konsisten mengecualikan dan meminggirkan kaum jelata (subaltern), terutama perempuan subaltern. Fokusnya pada sejarah perempuan subaltern dan kritiknya terhadap proyek subaltern telah secara radikal menantang cara identitas politik dikonseptualisasikan dalam banyak pemikiran kontemporer. Penekannya pada kemampuan kaum subaltern untuk berbicara.
This research wants to know the thoughts of one of the critical figures of the first generation of the Frankfurt School, namely Max Horkheimer. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review study. Based on the literature review study, there are several works of Max Horkheimer’s thought. However, this research intends to discuss are Max Horkheimer’s two prominent thoughts, namely the Dialectic of Enlightenment and Critical Theory. Dialectic of Enlightenment is a book by Adorno and Horkheimer published in 1947 with the title Dialectic der Aufklarung which contains criticism of modern society. This book develops the claim that the systematic search for reason and enlightened freedom has a long-term ironic effect in producing new forms of rationality and oppression. The various essays collected in “Critical Theory” contain not only an acute rejection of positivism but also a denial of the scientific tendencies of orthodox Marxism. According to Horkheimer, the task of critical theory is to penetrate the world of matter and show the basic relationship between persons.Keyword: critical theory, enlightenment dialectic, frankfurt schoolPenelitian ini ingin mengetahui pemikiran dari salah seorang tokoh kritis generasi pertama dari Mazhab Frankfurt, yaitu Max Horkheimer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan studi literatur review. Berdasarkan studi literatur review, terdapat beberapa hasil karya pemikiran Max Hoekheimer. Namun, yang ingin dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah dua pemikiran Max Horkheimer yang menonjol, yaitu: Dialectic of Enlightenment (Dialektika Pencerahan) dan Teori Kritis. Dialectic of Enlightenment merupakan buku karangan Adorno dan Horkheimer yang terbit pada tahun 1947 dengan judul Dialektik der Aufklarung yang berisi kritik terhadap mayarakat modern. Buku ini mengembangkan klaim bahwa pencarian sistematik dari akal budi dan kebebasan yang tercerahkan mempunyai pengaruh ironis jangka panjang dalam melahirkan bentuk-bentuk rasionalitas dan penindasan baru. Berbagai esai yang dikumpulkan dalam “Critical Theory” tidak hanya berisi penolakan akut terhadap positivisme, namun juga berisi penyangkalan terhadap tendensi keilmuan Marxisme ortodoks. Menurut Horkheimer, tugas teori kritis adalah untuk menembus dunia benda dan menunjukkan hubungan dasariah antar pribadi.Kata Kunci: dialektika pencerahan, mazhab frankfurt, teori kritis
Jean Baudrillard adalah seorang filsuf Perancis dan salah satu tokoh postmodern terkemuka. Beberapa pemikiran utamanya meliputi sign-value, simulakra, dan hiperrealitas. Pemikiran ini ditulis dalam karya awal Jean Baudrillard yang diterbitkan pada 1968 hingga 1981. Sedangkan karya lainnya yang diterbitkan setelah 1981 ditulis untuk memperkuat pemikiran awalnya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk lebih mengenal Jean Baudrillard dan pemikiran utamanya, terutama pemikirannya mengenai sign-value, simulakra, dan hiperealitas.
The challenge of business ethics today is the problem of justice and sustainability. In the same time justice and sustainability have become the global trends in economic fora when people get together in academic seminars and other public discussions try to seek resolution about doing the right thing on the right place in the right time regarding economic crisis that we as society face in day to day experience. Increasing income inequality expands in size and scale that to some extent calls for the government intervention into markets on behalf of conditioning well-being of the whole society. On the one hand, there are challenges brought in societies by business that orient to price equilibrium when markets operate in the absence of external coercions such as reallocations, tax, and market operations. In order to be considered efficient market, business in the marketplace set aside the economic policy that favors the government intervention. On the other hand, there are trends in responding to the self-interest market by arguing ethically on values and principles of justice and sustainability in which economic policy that favors the government intervention is considered necessary. The aim of this paper is to shed lights to business ethics education in the school of economics and business to encapsulate the theory of economic welfare in its curriculum management and types of teaching through which young people are well-prepared to have good reasons in decision-making processes in dealing business in the marketplace. The requirement of good reasons is reflected in decision-making both as integrity and social responsibility. Decision-making that reflects integrity and social responsibility characterize the quality of ethical conducts. Therefore, business ethics education requires a theory that grounds economic welfare on the insight that economy is for the greater good of all human beings. This theory of economic welfare needs a reconstructive method to uncover the insight of justice and sustainability.
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