[1] Radiosonde, satellite data, Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) radar 2 km constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI), and rainfall collected from the TRMMWet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign (WETAMC)/Large-Scale BiosphereAtmosphere (LBA) Experiment in Amazonia have been used to investigate the diurnal cycle of the tropical convection. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES 8) images were used to describe the diurnal modulation of the total/high/convective cloud fraction and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the convective systems. Radar 2 km CAPPI were used to describe the diurnal cycle of the rain fraction for different thresholds and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/ dissipation of the rain cells. An average over the four rain gauge networks was applied to describe the average hourly rainfall. The upper air network data set was used to compute the thermodynamic variables: equivalent potential temperature (q e ), convective available potential energy (CAPE), thickness of positive buoyancy, instability, and convective inhibition. High and convective cloud area fractions reach their maximum some hours after the maximum rainfall detected by rain gauge and radar 2 km CAPPI. The minimum cloud cover occurs only a few hours before the maximum precipitation and the maximum cloud cover occurs during the night. The maximum rainfall takes place at the time of the maximum initiation of the convective systems observed by satellite and rain cells. At the time of maximum precipitation the majority of the convective systems and rain cells are small sized and present the maximum increasing area fraction rate. The diurnal evolution of q e also presents a very clear diurnal variation, with maximum occurring in the early afternoon. The CAPE is well related to q e . When q e is high CAPE is high; the atmosphere is unstable and has a deep layer of positive buoyancy and small convective inhibition. These results suggest the following mechanism controlling the diurnal of convection: In the morning, cloud cover decreases as the solar flux reaching the surface increases and consequently increases q e . In the early afternoon, convection rapidly develops, high and convective cloud fractions increase rapidly, and the maximum precipitation and initiation is observed. After convection is developed the atmosphere profile is modified, reaching a nearly saturated state; the water vapor flux decreases in the boundary layer which becomes very stable, thereby inhibiting surface fluxes and consequently extinguishing the convection.

The sub‐monthly intra‐seasonal 8–24‐day period (SIS8‐24) timescale variability of the summer (1 November to 31 March) rainfall over South America (SA) under distinct inter‐annual (IA) backgrounds was analysed using the Tropical Rainfall Measure Mission (TRMM) based daily total precipitation data for the 1998–2012 period. The IA backgrounds refer to the El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) years. First, the summer daily precipitation anomaly fields were subject to the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Using the first and the second principal component time series filtered at the SIS8‐24 timescale, positive and negative events were selected. The first SIS8‐24 mode features a precipitation anomaly dipole with centres over southeastern SA (SESA) and central and eastern tropical SA both extending southeastwards into the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. The second mode features a precipitation anomaly pattern similar to that previously documented for the oceanic South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ). The SIS8‐24 precipitation anomaly patterns for the positive (negative) events show differences in the anomaly intensities between EN and LN years, but with almost the same locations of the anomaly centres. These differences result from the variability inter‐SIS8‐24 events, as indicated by the distinct paths of the SIS8‐24 Rossby wave train patterns in the subtropics, although they are regionally locked over tropical SA. The relation between the SIS8‐24 and IA variabilities might occur through variations in the Rossby wave train patterns. The Rossby wave trains of both timescales, depending on their phases, reinforce or weaken the rainfall anomalies over SA, in such a way that the rainfall anomalies over SA show similar patterns but with distinct magnitudes for EN and LN composites. The South American precipitation responses to the combined SIS8‐24 and IA variability timescales stratified according to the IA backgrounds have not been studied before and might be useful for operational forecasting services.

Environmental issues continue to be on a growing agenda around the world. A large part of the global concerns is focused on the Amazon, even though it leaves aside almost the entire human contingent that inhabits that space. Except for the Indians. They disregard that many of the harmful environmental impacts are practiced by family farmers because fire is their greatest technology and, in many cases, the only one. Therefore, the management of this territory must create mechanisms and instruments capable of promoting the region's sustainable development, bringing together environmental and social interests, which only can be done through laws. The Rural Environmental Registry (CAR, acronym in Portuguese) aims to implement sustainable public policies. Thus, this literature review study aims to show CAR's contribution to family farmers operating in the State of Amazonas from a legal and environmental point of view. The results show that a) it is necessary to know the main legal aspects of the CAR to understand its environmental importance, b) knowing each of the steps in the preparation of the registry allows this instrument to fulfill its environmental mission as a result of legal discipline, c) the simplification of the regime granted to family farmers and similar populations allows the legal requirements to be fulfilled by this essential human contingent in the Amazon and d) the rigorous execution of the CAR allowed for several conflicts of overlapping rural areas to be resolved, which benefited family farmers and populations equivalent, pioneers in these areas. The conclusion states that implementing the Brazilian forest code is essential for family farming agribusiness, requiring technical support. The CAR emerges as a fundamental instrument.

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With economic development and population growth, the amount of waste generated by humanity has dramatically increased. Many Brazilian municipalities face problems related to the issue of waste, especially when it comes to small municipalities that are difficult to access such as the municipality of Beruri. This work aimed to propose a solid waste management plan in the community located in the municipality of Beruri village of Itapuru. The work was carried out in 4 stages with the use of tools such as questionnaires, lectures and recycling workshops at the Osvaldo Nazaré Veríssimo school. After data collection and analysis, it was concluded that the inhabitants of the village have little knowledge regarding the treatment of solid waste. As a mitigating measure he proposed application of environmental education in school and association, elaboration of a waste management plan, creation of recycling cooperative and with posts.