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RESUMO(Padrões espaciais e ecológicos de espécies arbóreas refletem a estrutura em mosaicos de uma floresta subtropical). A abundância e distribuição espacial das espécies podem ser reflexos das necessidades do seu nicho ecológico, além de reflexos das variações ambientais no tempo e espaço. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram analisar a distribuição espacial e grupos ecológicos das espécies arbóreas em um remanescente de floresta subtropical e avaliar a interferência destes padrões sobre métricas de riqueza e diversidade. Os padrões espaciais foram avaliados considerando uma área amostral de 1 ha dividida em unidades amostrais contíguas de 10 x 10 m, onde todos os indivíduos com perímetro à altura do peito ≥ 15 cm foram amostrados. A descrição dos padrões foi obtida por meio de correlogramas (índice I de Moran), considerando diversas classes de distância, índices de agregação e diagramas de superfície. A co-ocorrência entre espécies foi analisada por meio de índices de associação espacial. A maioria das espécies apresentou distribuição agrupada e com autocorrelação espacial positiva, sobretudo para as menores classes de distância, indicando a formação de pequenos grupos de indivíduos. Da mesma forma, 17 espécies apresentaram associações espaciais (co--ocorrências), formando densos agrupamentos e, embora não tenham interferido sobre a riqueza específica, Casearia sylvestris e Ocotea diospyrifolia diminuíram a equabilidade em alguns setores da área. Espécies tolerantes à sombra apresentaram-se associadas, bem como, espécies dependentes de luz, indicando que a dinâmica de mosaicos pode interferir diretamente sobre a distribuição das espécies, sobretudo pela limitação de dispersão.Palavras-chave: autocorrelação espacial, correlogramas, índices de distância, limitação de dispersão, riqueza de espécies ABSTRACT (Spatial and ecological patterns of tree species reflect patch dynamics of a subtropical forest). The abundance and spatial distribution of species may reflect on niche requirements, interactions among individuals and across as time and space. In this way, the aims of this work were to analyze tree species distribution and ecological groups in a remnant of subtropical forest to evaluate the interference of such patterns over richness and diversity metrics. We evaluated the spatial patterns of a 1 ha area divided into 10 x 10 m sampling units where we surveyed all living trees with perimeter at breast height ≥ 15 cm. Pattern descriptions were obtained by using correlograms (Moran's I) over several distance classes, aggregation indices and surface diagrams. The co-occurrence among species was obtained by using spatial association indices. Furthermore, 17 species showed aggregated distribution and positive spatial autocorrelation, mainly in the shorter distance classes, which indicated the occurrence of several small groups of individuals. In addition, many species were spatially associated with dense groups and although such groups do not influence species richness, Casearia sylvestris and Ocotea diospyrifol...

The objective of this work was to evaluate peroxidase activity and protein concentration in the defence system expression of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., submitted to different potencies of homeopathic preparations. The treatments were composed by: Arsenicum album, Staphisagria, Silicea and Sulphur, in the 6, 12 and 18 CH potencies, compared to the controls. The bean seeds were sown in pots which were kept in a greenhouse and the treatments were applied to them at 1% in distilled water since the sowing day, with intervals of 15 days until the R7 stage. The first evaluation was performed at 15 e 60 days after sowing, after artificial mechanical damage. Protein concentration and the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes were determined. Differences between treatments and controls were estimated by Glass Delta effect size analysis. Staphisagria 12CH induced greater increase in protein concentration on bean leaves. The Induction on APX and POD activities were observed in leaves treated with Sulphur in all tested potencies. The Glass Delta effect showed undulatory behaviour, sometimes acting positively, sometimes negatively, throughout all evaluations. Homeopathic preparations have the potential to induce biochemical defence mechanisms in beans, acting as resistance elicitors.