Les lumières de la ville. L'administration municipale à l'épreuve de l'électrification, Alexandre Fernandez.
Au cours du premier 20e siècle, l'électrification fut un des signes majeurs de la modernité urbaine, et un défi nouveau pour les municipalités. Celles-ci se virent en effet confrontées à la nécessité de réguler un service collectif pour lequel elles ne possédaient ni compétence technique ni tradition de gestion. Rares furent les villes où se mirent en place des régies municipales. Le plus souvent, confrontées à la croissance du secteur de l'industrie électrique et à la mise en place d'entreprises fonctionnant en réseaux, les municipalités durent négocier des concessions avec ces dernières en s'efforçant de garder la maîtrise politique de leur alimentation. L'électrification des villes fut donc l'un des domaines d'apprentissage de la modernité administrative dans le cadre d'une véritable économie politique locale. La loi de régionalisation de 1982 leur rend désormais une capacité d'autonomie que la fin du monopole d'EDF, prévue pour 1999, devrait renforcer, sans que soit garantie pour autant la transparence et le caractère démocratique d'une gestion négociée avec le puissant secteur privé.
Like other cities, Bordeaux discovered the phenomenon of electricity by the end of the nineteenth century and tamed it during the first third of the twentieth century. Here, as elsewhere, one could follow the stages in the diffusion of the uses of electricity. But tackling the history of the electricity industry in Bordeaux means, perhaps more than elsewhere, getting involved with the evolution of the governing bodies which have dominated the process of electrification. Indeed, Bordeaux presents the case, very rare in France of a town which has known several juridical changes in the development of generation and distribution of electricity. From the start, until 1919, the construction of the network and its exploitation were taken care of by private companies. At this date, the Council appropriated the means of production and of distribution of electricity; the authority which was created then remained in existence beyond the general nationalisation of 1946, until 1956, when the city entrusted its electricity supply to the national company Electricité de France (EDF). How can these statutory changes be explained? We shall see that they can primarily be accounted for by shortcomings in the supply, whoever the operator may have been at the time. Indeed, in this field, supply first created demand and thus engendered the first faltering attempts in electricity. But, then, on several occasions, the electric power supply hit financial and technical snags. The change of juridical status then appeared as the solution to the people in charge.
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