Background Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a leading cause of disability worldwide. While several pharmacological and behavioral treatments for SUDs are available, these may not be effective for all patients. Recent studies using non-invasive neuromodulation techniques including Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) have shown promise for SUD treatment. Objective Multiple studies were evaluated investigating the therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in treatment of SUDs. Method Through literature searches (eg, PubMed, Google Scholar), 60 studies (2000–2017) were identified examining the effect of rTMS, tDCS, or DBS on cravings and consumption of SUDs, including tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, opioids, and stimulants. Results rTMS and tDCS demonstrated decreases in drug craving and consumption, while early studies with DBS suggest similar results. Results are most encouraging when stimulation is targeted to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC). Conclusions Short-term treatment with rTMS and tDCS may have beneficial effects on drug craving and consumption. Future studies should focus on extending therapeutic benefits by increasing stimulation frequency and duration of treatment. Scientific Significance The utility of these methods in SUD treatment and prevention are unclear, and warrants further study using randomized, controlled designs.

With the increasing push to legalize cannabis in Western nations, there is a need to gauge the potential impact of this policy change on vulnerable populations, such as those with mental illness, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. This is particularly important as there are strong motives in these individuals to seek short-term reward (e.g., "getting high"). Nonetheless, data to support the beneficial effects of cannabis use in psychiatric populations are limited, and potential harms in patients with psychotic and mood disorders have been increasingly documented. This article reviews the effects of cannabis in people with mental illness. Then, we provide a reconciliation of the addiction vulnerability and allostatic hypotheses to explain addiction comorbidity in mentally ill cannabis users, as well as to further aid in developing a rational framework for assessment and treatment of problematic cannabis use in these patients.

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Objectives Substance use disorders (SUDs), including those for alcohol, stimulants, tobacco, opioids and cannabis, in patients with bipolar disorder are a major clinical and public health problem, and are present in the majority of these patients. Nonetheless, the development of effective pharmacological treatments for co‐occurring SUDs in bipolar illness have not been well‐developed and may be an important practical reason for the reduced effectiveness of these medications in community practice. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar), and identified N = 29 clinical studies, which evaluated both mental health and SUD outcomes in patients with co‐occurring bipolar disorders and SUDs. Results Our findings suggest the potential of valproate sodium and lamotrigine as preferred pharmacological agents for the treatment of co‐occurring psychiatric and substance use outcomes in these patients. However, many of the reviewed studies are of open‐label designs and of modest sample sizes. Conclusions Thus, given the gaps in our knowledge, recommendations for treatment of this common and important co‐morbidity are preliminary. Accordingly, the conduct of larger, randomized controlled trials for this co‐morbidity is clearly needed.