This article explores the previously uncontested claim that the free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by Latin American countries-the cornerstone of their international economic integration strategies since 1990-have led to export diversification in terms of variety of goods and number of trading partners. Using data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), we show that the bulk of export growth in the region has been in the intensive rather than the extensive margin. Concentration indices support the finding that the expansion of exports into new products and new trading partners has been limited. Latin America's bid to diversify its exports using FTAs (based on a static concept of comparative advantages) instead of more comprehensive strategies has had a negligible impact. Governments should therefore adopt a more dynamic approach to comparative advantages and introduce more active policies. Finally, we pose some open questions for future research.
Resumen Se revisa la afirmación, hasta ahora no sometida a verificación, de que los acuerdos de libre comercio (ALC) firmados por los países latinoamericanos-fundamento de sus estrategias de integración económica internacional desde 1990-han permitido diversificar sus exportaciones y aumentar el número de socios comerciales. La evidencia obtenida de la Base de datos estadísticos sobre el comercio de mercaderías (COMTRADE), sugiere que gran parte del crecimiento exportador en la región ha ocurrido en el margen intensivo, no en el extensivo. La expansión hacia nuevos productos y socios comerciales ha sido limitada, según los índices de concentración. La apuesta de América Latina de diversificar exportaciones a partir de ALC sin estrategias más integrales-debido a un concepto estático de ventajas comparativas-generó resultados exiguos. Por consiguiente, los gobiernos debieran adoptar un enfoque más dinámico respecto de las ventajas comparativas e implementar políticas más activas. Finalmente, se plantean algunas preguntas para futuras investigaciones. PALABRAS CLAVE Libre comercio, tratados, política comercial, diversificación de las exportaciones, evaluación, estadísticas comerciales, América Latina CLASIFICACIÓN JEL
En una revisión de la historia económica de Chile desde la Independencia, Pinto y Salazar (2002) señalan que esta ha sido marcada por una vocación exportadora, pese al interludio relativo en la época de 152 R E I, . , .º , /, . - Alfonso Dingemans 157 R E I, . , .º , /, . - E . L C
Underneath impressive growth levels, the Chilean economy displays signs of being caught in a middle-income trap. It has been unable to improve its productivity, increase the added value of its exports or upgrade its value chain. Its economy cannot compete either with low-wage countries or highly productive, innovative countries. Its export strategy based on export promotion seems to have outlived its usefulness. It achieved remarkable quantitative success, but must now attend qualitative attributes. Instead of regarding market-driven export promotion and state-led export development as substitutes, this article proposes to view them as alternatives in different stages of development. To choose the appropriate time, more attention should be given to non-traditional, structural indicators, like export sophistication and political-institutional capabilities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.