The introduction of novel visual stimuli failed to disturb the performance of animals with extensive bilateral destruction of the hippocampus in a linear runway. Animals with destruction restricted to the dorsal hippocampus and animals with damage of the septal area were less distracted on first presentation of the distracting stimuli but recovered former running speeds more quickly than control groups. Novel tactual stimuli failed to affect the performance of animals in all groups.

niN INITIAL ATTEMPT has been made elsewhere (2) to state a principle of action (or performance) that would accoimt for the result of expenments in which individual differences in the strength of particular motives are inferred from imaginative (TAT) stories and related to overt behavior The pnnciple extends an assumption made earlier to account for the fact that strength of achievement motive as measured in imaginative stories is positively related to recall of interrupted tasks and the Zeigamik effect only when the. tasks are presented as tests of important abilities (1) The assumption was "that the achievement motive measured m imaginative behavior becomes a determinant of overt stnving only to the extent that a particular performance is perceived as instrumental to the goal of personal accomplishment" (1, p 387) A more general statement of this idea is that the strength of the behavioral tendency (B) IS a joint (positive) function of the strength of a particular motive (m) and the strength of the expectancy (e) that a particular act IS instrumental to attainment of the goal of that motive, B = f (m, e) This principle is similar to recent statements of the expectancy leaming theory prmciple of activation (8, 13) except in the conception of a motive as an antiapatory goal state having directive (vector) properties, l e, as a selective energizer of behavior, rather than as dnve, a nondirective impetus to action (see 2, p 81 and 5, p 2 for this distinction)The purpose of the present investigation was to rephcate and extend the findings of the earlier study which suggested this pnnciple ' This research was conducted during the period of an SSRC fellowship 350 JOHN W ATKINSON AND ALFRED C RAPHELSON of actionIn each of two expenments to be reported, individual differences m strength of the achievement motive (n Achievement) and motivation for social acceptance (n Affiliation) were measured by the TAT method (9, 3) on one occasion, and then performance on specific tasks was measured on another occasion following experimental arousal of certain expectancies concerning the consequences of performance It was expected that differences in the strength of n Achievement would be more clearly manifested in behavior when instructions and other cues foster the expectancy that performance is instrumental to personal achievement, than when cues for performance are deliberately manipulated to minimize this expectancy The measure of n Affiliation was included in both experiments to determine whether or not this motive, which is related to approval-seeking (3) and conformity (7, 14), might be an important source of motivation for performance when there is no expectancy of achievement but the total situation implies that the experimeter (E) will be pleased by cooperation and disapprove noncompliance with his instructions EXPERIMENT I SynopsisTwenty-four male students in an undergraduate cou rse in psychology each wrote 18 stories m response to pictures to provide measures of the affiliation motive (n Affiliation) and the achievement ...

Spontaneous alternation behavior was investigated in rats with electrolytic lesions in the septal region and in sham-operated controls. Bilateral septal lesions abolished alternation, as both the overall alternation rate and the distribution of daily scores were very close to 50-50 chance expectancies. In contrast, the sham group alternated at a very high rate. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that spontaneous alternation is the result of an underlying inhibitory process.

In an important contribution to the hterature on achievement motivation. Homer (ig68, 1970, 1972a, 1972b) has argued that women suffer from a fear of success in competitive achievement situations Whereas for most men success m competitive achievement activity is consistent with masculinity and self-esteem, women often pay a price when they succeed, especially m pursuits that are commonly held to be the province of the male and where some degree of ruthlessness and aggression may be the prerequisites for success. For women competitiveness often has overtones of aggression and masculinity. Success by women m competition with others (particularly males) may be taken as evidence of a lack of femininity, and it may lead to social rejection and disapproval, an unfortunate outcome since much of the evidence suggests that women depend a lot upon the approval and esteem of significant others and are very concemed with interpersonal relationships (Bardwick, 1971). As Mead (1949) puts it, whereas men are unsexed by failure, women seem to be unsexed by successIn her analysis Homer assumed that fear of success may be a relatively stable personahty disposition (or motive) in women, that it IS aroused in competitive achievement situations especially where important men are present (e.g, prospective dates, boyfnends), and that it may underlie many of the major sex differences that have appeared m the research on achievement motivation (see Bardwick, 1971; Homer, 1968) She used a projective procedure to assess the presence or absence of fear of

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