treatments and twelve repetitions, with the objective to evaluate the behavior, physiological responses and the performance of the animals. The average temperatures of the experimental period were 21.5°C and 31.3°C, respectively, in thermal comfort and heat stress. Swine under heat stress remain significantly little time in the position in foot, more time in the lying position, little time in the feeder, more time in the water through, more time in the lying position in the water through and more time sleeping in relation to those kept in thermal comfort. Swine under heat stress had presented energy, protein, lysine and ration intake, weight gain and feed: gain ratio reduced and had presented minor weight of organs, except of the stomach, and had presented increased respiratory frequency and rectal and surface temperatures. Swine under thermal comfort had presented greater efficiency of use of the protein and energy and greater daily protein and fat depositions in the carcass. Temperatures that provoke heat stress affects negatively the behavior of growing swine. INTRODUÇÃOOs suínos têm características comportamentais específicas e são capazes de alterar seu comportamento para se adaptarem ao ambiente em que vivem. Tem-se verificado que em situações de altas temperaturas ambientais os suínos modificam seu ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS Environment. Welfare. Thermal comfort. Heat stress. RESUMOForam utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso composto por dois tratamentos e doze repetições, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento, respostas fisiológicas e o desempenho dos animais. As temperaturas médias do período experimental foram 21,5°C e 31,3°C, respectivamente, nos ambientes de conforto térmico e de estresse por calor. Suínos sob estresse por calor permaneceram significativamente menos tempo na posição em pé, mais tempo na posição deitado, menos tempo no comedouro, mais tempo no bebedouro, mais tempo na posição deitado no bebedouro e mais tempo dormindo em relação àqueles mantidos sob conforto térmico. Suínos sob estresse por calor apresentaram consumos de energia, proteína, lisina e ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar reduzidos e apresentaram menores pesos de órgãos, exceto do estômago, e freqüência respiratória e temperaturas retal e de superfície aumentadas. Suínos sob conforto tér-mico apresentaram maior eficiência de utilização da proteína e energia e maiores deposições diárias de proteína e gordura na carcaça. Temperaturas que provocam estresse por calor afetam negativamente o comportamento de suínos em crescimento. SUMMARYWere used 24 castrated swine distributed in completely randomized design composed for two
*Autor correspondente
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico e alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 48 animais, com peso médio inicial de 67,0±2,7kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso composto por quatro níveis de ractopamina (0, 5, 10 e 20ppm) e seis repetições, com dois animais cada. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias. A temperatura do ar obtida foi de 20,9±2,9°C, a umidade relativa foi de 86,7±7,3%, e o Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade foi de 69,6±4,0. O peso final dos animais e o consumo de ração não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os níveis de ractopamina influenciaram (P<0,05) o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos suínos. Observou-se redução linear (P<0,05) da espessura de toucinho e aumento da profundidade de músculo e da porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de ractopamina na dieta. O peso e o rendimento de carcaça quente e a área de olho de lombo não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o nível ótimo de inclusão de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e mantidos em ambiente termoneutro é de 20ppm.
Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) was widely used in animal diets until outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encefalopathy (BSE) occurred in some countries. It has not been confirmed yet whether or not BSE may be transmitted to man through chicken meat originated from poultry that had been fed diets containing MBM. Therefore, consumers nowadays express preference for meat originated from birds fed exclusively vegetable diets. This study analyzed samples of major breast muscle (Pectoralis major) using mass spectrometry of stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) as a means to assess the presence of MBM in broiler diets, a technique that might be used in the certification of poultry quality. A total of 150 day-old chicks were reared in five randomized treatments with increasing MBM dietary inclusion levels (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8%). On day 42, breast muscle samples were collected from three birds per treatment and used in the determination of
During the past few years, there has been considerable interest on the effects of stocking density on broiler behavior and immunity. Stress may cause immunodeficiency by affecting cell and humoral responses, as well as body weight decrease, and foot-pad dermatitis. The aim of this study was to study histomorphological changes of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers submitted to three different stocking densities (10, 15, and 20 birds/m²) from one to 42 days of age. Three birds from each group were sacrifieced on days 7 and 42. The bursa was collected, fixed, and processed for histomorphometric assessment using a Kontrom KS 400 image analyzer. Data were analyzed by Biostat 3.0 (Tukey Test). The results of average cortical area percentage in bursal follicles of 6-week-old birds were 45.12a (10 birds/m²), 30.43b (15 birds/m²), and 23.77b (20 birds/m²). Average body weight was 2.58a kg (10 birds/m²), 2.56a Kg (15 birds/m²), and 2.47b Kg (20 birds/m²), respectively. The percentage of foot-pad dermatitis in 6-week-old birds was 3.33a (10 birds/m²), 17.76b (15 birds/m²), and 49.17c (20 birds/m²). These differences were statistically significant at a P<0.05 level. Under these experimental conditions,, it was concluded that the best stocking density to produce broilers is between 10-15 birds per square meter
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