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Purpose To evaluate the frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism in ‎Iraqi hemodialysis patients and to examine the association ‎between this polymorphism and ‎serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels.‎ Methods In this study, 70 chronic renal failure Iraqi patients on ‎maintenance ‎hemodialysis (patient group) and 20 healthy subjects (control ‎group) were genotyped for ‎ angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. The distribution of genotype and allele ‎frequencies of this polymorphism in ‎these subjects were also evaluated.‎ Results The distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes between ‎groups was ‎similar, and the ID genotype was the most frequent, followed by DD and II ‎genotypes (‎50%‎, ‎37%‎, and ‎13%). The control group ‎had a nonsignificant difference in serum ‎erythropoietin levels among different angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, ‎while patients with ID and DD genotypes displayed significant ‎elevation in ‎serum erythropoietin with time. No significant differences in hemoglobin ‎levels ‎were observed in patient and control groups. A significant positive correlation ‎was ‎observed between serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin in the control group ‎with different ‎angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, while a nonsignificant ‎negative correlation was ‎observed in the patient group throughout the study. ‎ Conclusions Chronic kidney disease did not significantly alter angiotensin-converting enzyme ‎genotypes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism had a significant effect on ‎serum erythropoietin levels and a non‎significant effect on hemoglobin levels. ‎

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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a principle cause of microangiopathy and the main reason for kidney disease at the end stage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This work aimed to study the relation of pentosidine with kidney injury in the case of diabetic nephropathy. This study included 75 patients suffering from T2DM and 75 apparently healthy subjects. The patients group was divided into three groups ((normoalbumin, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria; 25 patients for each) on the basis of albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) . The level of serum pentosidine was determined using an ELISA kit. The level of pentosidine was found to be significantly higher in DN patients than in the healthy group. Also, the results revealed a strong positive correlation of pentosidine with each of creatinine and blood urea levels, while a negative correlation was recorded with eGFR. It can be concluded that pentosidine may be associated with disease progression and it may be employed as one of the most efficient markers for the prediction of renal function.