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Lignin is a major by-product of the wood and paper industries. Valorization of this complex organic polymer, through the creation of novel high-value side products, is a key aspiration of these industries. Due to its unique chemical composition, lignin can be efficiently used to produce many fine chemicals. In this review, we discuss various techniques and strategies used to synthesize lignin-derived functional materials. The transformation of lignin during pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization is also reported. Furthermore, current applications and surface properties of lignin-based carbonaceous materials in the fields of catalysis, bio-adsorption removal of pollutants, and supercapacitors are summarized.

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