ZIRAK, M.; AKBARI, A.; Chem. Rev. (Washington, DC, U. S.) 113 (2013) 5, 2958-3043, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr300176g ; Dep. Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Maragheh, Golshahr, Maragheh, Iran; Eng.) -Lindner 27-219

considering titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio 2 nps) role in plant growth and especially in plant tolerance against abiotic stress, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate TiO 2 NPs effects (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L −1) on agronomic traits of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants grown under different salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). Results demonstrated that all agronomic traits were negatively affected under all salinity levels but application of 100 mg L −1 tio 2 nps mitigated these negative effects. TiO 2 NPs application on Moldavian balm grown under salt stress conditions improved all agronomic traits and increased antioxidant enzyme activity compared with plants grown under salinity without tio 2 NP treatment. The application of TiO 2 NPs significantly lowered H 2 o 2 concentration. In addition, highest essential oil content (1.19%) was obtained in 100 mg L −1 tio 2 nptreated plants under control conditions. Comprehensive GC/MS analysis of essential oils showed that geranial, z-citral, geranyl acetate and geraniol were the dominant essential oil components. The highest amounts for geranial, geraniol and z-citral were obtained in 100 mg L −1 tio 2 np-treated plants under control conditions. In conclusion, application of 100 mg L −1 tio 2 NPs could significantly ameliorate the salinity effects in Moldavian balm. Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a perennial herb of the Lamiaceae family and native to central Asia, naturalized in central and eastern Europe and is cultivated around the world as a medicinal plant. Essential oils and extracts of Moldavian balm have been traditionally used as a painkiller for kidney complaints, toothache and colds. In addition, it has antimicrobial activities 1 , antirheumatic, antitumor, antimutagenic, antioxidant and antiseptic properties 2. Aerial parts of Moldavian balm are important sources of monoterpene glycosides, trypanocidal terpenoids, rosmarinic acid and flavonoids 3. Salinity stress is considered as one of the main environmental factors limiting plant distribution in their natural habitats 4. Soil salinity affects about 800 million hectares of arable land worldwide. Salinity stress causes major problems regarding plant growth, development and productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world 5 manifested as changes in morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants, ion toxicity (Na + and Cl −), nutritional disorders and osmotic stress. These negative impacts significantly decrease plant

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Background: Eukaryotic cells demonstrate two tightly linked vesicular transport systems, comprising intracellular vesicle transport and extracellular vesicle transport system. Intracellular transport vesicles can translocate biomolecules between compartments inside the cell, for example, proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Whereas, the secreted vesicles so-called extracellular vesicles facilitate the transport of biomolecules, for example, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids between cells. Vesicles can be formed during the process of endocytosis or/and autophagy and not only act as mediators of intra-and inter-cellular communication but also represent pathological conditions of cells or tissues. Methods: In this review, we searched articles in PubMed, published between 2000 and 2020, with following terms: autophagy, autophagocytosis, transport vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, exocytosis, exosomes, alone or in different combinations. The biological functions that were selected based on relevancy to our topic include cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Results: The searched literature shows that there is a high degree of synergies between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, which encompass endocytosis and endosomes, lysosomes, exocytosis and exosomes, autophagocytosis, autophagosomes and amphisomes. These transport systems not only maintain cellular homeostasis but also operate synergically against fluctuations in the external and internal environment such as during tumorigenesis and metastasis. Additionally, exosomal and autophagic proteins may serve as cancer diagnosis approaches. Conclusion: Exosomal and autophagy pathways play pivotal roles in homeostasis and metastasis of tumor cells. Understanding the crosstalk between endomembrane organelles and vesicular trafficking may expand our insight into cooperative functions of exosomal and autophagy pathways during disease progression and may help to develop effective therapies against lysosomal diseases including cancers and beyond.