Various research works recognized highly biological activities of sorghum vegetative portions which indicated the presence of bioactive compounds in their extracts. Considering environmental effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites, this work aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of sorghum using in vitro induced leaves as source for extract. In vitro shoot explants of sorghum used subcultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 6-Benzyl adenine (BA) or Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at different concentrations (0.0-2.0 mg/L). The leaves induced in vitro were collected dried then macerated in ethanol for 4 hours. Phytochemical composition of the sorghum leaves extract was assessed using standard procedures. The crude extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. The significantly (P>0.05) maximum shoot length (5.7 cm) and the number of leaves (7.9 leaves) were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L IBA. The phytochemical composition of the leaves extract showed the presence of bioactive constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids and triterpenes. All the concentrations of the sorghum leaves extract showed variable antimicrobial activity against the studied bacteria strains with the strongest inhibitory effect reported (19.0 mm) against B. subtilis at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Our findings demonstrated that the in vitro leaves extract of sorghum possess a remarkable antibacterial activity. More research is needed on the characterization of bioactive ingredients of in vitro induced sorghum plants and their biological activities.

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Development of an efficient system for callus induction on different explants of fenugreek. Comparing phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of seed and calli of different fenugreek explants. Fenugreek is a well-known medicinal plant for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. For callus induction, three explants were used viz. hypocotyl, root, and cotyledons. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D, NAA and TDZ in different concentrations (0.5-6 mg/L). Antioxidant activity using DPPH and Folin-ciocalteu assays, and antimicrobial activity of calli and seed extracts were evaluated. Friable callus was successfully induced on all explants and by all PGRs except 2, 4-D which failed to stimulate callus formation on root explant. Root segment was the better explants in callus induction with maximum fresh weight 5.29 g with TDZ at 2 mg/L and highest callus index was 4.3 with TDZ at 0.5 mg/L. Hypocotyl callus showed the highest phenolic content (246.9 mg GAE/g DW) compared to root callus (243.5 mg GAE/g DW), seed (176.2 mg GAE/g DW) and then cotyledons callus (64.9 mg GAE/g DW) with the lowest value. On the other hand, seed exhibited 44.3% antioxidant activity compared to 34.7%, 24.3% and 16.7% recorded by cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root calli, respectively. Regarding antimicrobial activity of studied fenugreek extracts, hypocotyl callus exhibited the maximum zone of inhibition recorded (19 mm) against E. coli. Callus of fenugreek showed potential biological activities over seed-extract.

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