Abstract. This paper deals with the influence of edaphic conditions on the spatial structure of banded thickets or tiger bush (brousse tigrée). It is based on two sites in West Africa, with similar climatic conditions but located on contrasting substrates. The spatial structure was described with standardized characteristics including thicket spacing, thicket/inter‐thicket contrast, upslope/downslope asymmetry and species zonation throughout the vegetation band. Recruitment and senescence features of woody stands were emphasized in order to understand current dynamics. Data were collected on transects oriented perpendicular to the contours and so to the thickets as well. A standardized analytical procedure was applied to data from both sites to ensure consistent and thorough delineation of thickets. The overall periodicity of thickets, the woody flora and the dominant species Combretum micranthum were similar at the two sites. However, thicket spacing, thicket/inter‐thicket contrast and upslope/downslope floristic asymmetry of the thickets were higher in the less favourable site. Also seedlings were less abundant, with a greater dependence on pre‐existing thickets. Not all banded vegetation systems show sharp contrasts and are strongly asymmetric, since such characteristics are likely to be reinforced by adverse environmental conditions. As a consequence, current dynamics may be more diverse than expected. Quantified inter‐site comparisons can greatly help to classify African banded vegetation systems and to discuss potential dynamic outcomes.
RESUMELa présente étude menée dans la région de Maradi (Niger), plus précisément dans le sud du département d'Aguié, vise à recenser et à classer les différents usages de Prosopis africana. La méthode de collecte des informations s'est appuyée sur une enquête ethnobotanique au niveau des ménages. Les résultats de ces investigations révèlent que les principaux usages faits de Prosopis africana dans cette zone sont l'alimentation humaine, le fourrage, le bois énergie, la pharmacopée traditionnelle, le bois d'artisanat et de service. Parmi ceux-ci, les deux (2) derniers sont les plus importants et portent sérieusement atteinte à l'état sanitaire des individus végétaux. La cueillette, bien que moins pratiquée que ces deux (2), n'est pas moins importante à cause de son impact sur la régénération en diminuant le stock des semences.
La présente étude est conduite dans les régions de Maradi et Zinder situées dans le Centre-Sud du Niger où la pratique de la régénération naturelle assistée des ligneux dans les champs (RNA) a permis de reverdir plus de 5 millions d'hectares. Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer l'impact du mode de gestion de la RNA des ligneux sur la résilience des écosystèmes. Méthodologie : Une démarche à deux volets a été adoptée : un volet reposant sur les mensurations dendrométriques réalisées suivant des transects dans les 4 directions géographiques sur des placettes de 2000 m 2 (50 m x 40 m), et un volet consistant à la détermination des principaux types et sources de pression sur les ressources ligneuses à travers de mesures dendrométriques et des focus group. Résultats : Les résultats obtenus montrent que la densité des arbres dans les champs a augmenté dans les sites de Maradi, qui disposent de comité de surveillance de la RNA entre 2005-2012 (146-151 arbres ha-1 à Dan Saga ; 60-109 arbres ha-1 à El Guiéza). De même, au même moment elle a augmenté à Zinder dans les sites ayant un leadership très marqué (32-79 arbres ha-1) par contre dans le site sans comité et/ou leadership la densité a fortement baissé (360-65 arbres ha-1). Néanmoins, la tendance évolutive du peuplement ligneux est très positive pour tous les sites. Elle est plus importante dans les sites de Maradi avec 64,79%, contre une moyenne de 27,45% pour les sites de Zinder. Aussi, la végétation est dominée par des arbustes. Conclusion et applicabilité des résultats : Cette étude montre la résilience de ces écosystèmes agricole jadis dégradé. Cette tendance évolutive positive a été possible grâce aux modes de gestion de la RNA soit, à travers la mise en place de comité villageois de surveillance ou soit, par le leadership de certains chefs de villages.
Question What are the relationships between edaphic factors, fire regime and woody vegetation structure and composition in savannas at landscape to regional scales? Location The Transboundary ‘W’ Regional Park, Niger, West Africa. Methods We focused on a protected savanna ecosystem with rainfall of 700 mm yr−1, where rainfall is not expected to be a strong limiting factor for tree cover, and with historically low grazer and browser densities. A burned area history map was created over 7 yr using the high temporal resolution Aqua MODIS space‐borne sensor. In the field, the composition and structural parameters of the woody layer, as well as soil samples, were acquired in 137 plots of 0.09 ha each, based on a stratified random sampling approach to sampling the fire regime (seasonality and frequency). Using classical multivariate methods, we analysed the correlations between woody cover characteristics, fire regime and soil and geomorphological factors. Results In spite of management practices aimed at generalizing early fire every year, the fire regime created a diverse spatial structure, with some vegetation less prone to burning (fire‐free) and other types that burned very frequently. These diverse fire histories showed correlations with gradients of both structure and composition of the woody layer. Soil variables had a higher explanatory power for vegetation structure and composition than fire. Conclusions Among the plausible causal chains between fire regime, soil factors and woody vegetation structure and composition, our results showed better agreement with a model in which fire regime is more a consequence than a cause of the other factors. This contrasts with bottleneck/perturbation theories as well as management practices, but meets the common sense opinions of field practitioners. Although our regional approach should be complemented by controlled experiments at a local scale, it does appear that investments in annual efforts to organize early fire campaigns in many protected areas may need to be reassessed.
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