Distance learning is one of the promising areas of ICT technologies that can offer unprecedented opportunities for education more efficaciously than any other manner, delivering other opportunities to enhance skills, knowledge, qualifications of students, and assuring self-education. How can we form these digital learning environments so they're founded on particular epistemologies or knowledge bases? What is an essential pedagogical framework for web-based teaching and learning? This chapter mainly presents the challenges of distance learning caused by the obstacles of distance learning's integration. It provides readers with an overview of learning theories relevant to the epistemological and pedagogical aspects down to their specific application to distance learning. The current state of the art for distance learning models based on pedagogical objectives will be presented. Finally, this chapter tackles some of most widely-used instructional design models, defines their principles, and offers a series of recommendations to enhance creative thought processes.

Environmental changes have accelerated in recent years. We are experiencing the sixth mass extinction. In its report, the MEA concludes that current human activity prevents the ability of ecosystems to sustain future generations for granted. Nowadays, the preservation of biodiversity has taken a notorious place in the diplomatic registers. Finding a solution to this socio-environmental multifaceted problem is at the core of the concept of sustainable development (SD) advocated by science diplomacy, which has become essential to address tensions and conflicts between Global North and South for management of the environment and natural resources. This chapter will address, from angle sustainable development perspective, the multiple relationships complexity between the countries of the North and the South to solve the environment-natural resources-biodiversity challenges, and then explore various approaches and alternatives to boost the natural resource development in order to preserve biodiversity.

This chapter will explore the various aspects of science diplomacy in the Mediterranean region, with a particular focus on the merging of political frameworks to strengthen it. The chapter will begin with an overview of science diplomacy in general and its importance in the Mediterranean region. It will then delve into the political frameworks that exist in the region and how they can be merged to create a more robust science diplomacy framework. This will involve examining key actors such as the European Union and its Southern Mediterranean neighbourhood. The chapter will then discuss the challenges that the Mediterranean region faces in achieving a successful science diplomacy framework. Finally, the chapter will look at the emerging programs for science diplomacy in the Mediterranean and their potential to enhance scientific collaboration and promote regional stability. Overall, the chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of science diplomacy, its challenges, and its potential for promoting cooperation and stability in the Mediterranean region.