The current study used the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the corresponding changes caused by salt-induced biochemical changes at different NaCl concentrations (2.5 as control level, 5, 10, and 20 ds.m − 1 ). FTIR also determines the potential role of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) at two concentrations (80 and 160 ppm) in alleviating salinity stress on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees. Notably, the study found the appearance of a new peak at 2850 cm − 1 in the lipid region (2800-3000 cm − 1 ) when date palm trees were exposed to salinity and tested at all levels. This peak was not seen in the control treatment or when salinity was combined with foliar spraying of Se NPs at the two tested concentrations (80 and 160 ppm). Furthermore, a clear and distinct peak at 1735 cm − 1 was only seen in plants exposed to salinity at 10 or 20 ds.m − 1 . This peak was attributed to membrane lipid compounds that contain carbonyl-ester groups. In addition, the ndings demonstrate that the treatments from various studies affected the secondary structure of proteins (1500-1800 cm − 1 ) and carbohydrates (1200-1500 cm − 1 ), and this was evident by the appearance and disappearance of some characteristic peaks in these regions.

This study investigated the effect of salinity on the anatomical features of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and the potential roles of nano selenium (Se NPs) in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity. Two concentrations (80 and 160 mg.L-1) of SeNPs were applied as a foliar spray on date palms irrigated with different concentrations of saline water (2.5 [control], 5, 10 and 20 ds.m-1). Results showed that 5 ds.m-1 salinity had no significant effect on the anatomical structure of date palm, whether applied alone or in combination with foliar spray of Se NPs. However, the vascular bundle dimensions and thickness of the xylem, phloem and mesophyll were significantly higher in plants exposed to 10 ds.m-1 salinity compared with the control plants. In particular, foliar spray of SeNPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration enhanced the effect on these plants. By contrast, 20 ds.m-1 salinity significantly reduced all studied parameters except for the thickness of the upper and lower cuticle, which increased. Se NPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration had a significant effect in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity at high levels. The results of this study proved that SeNPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration were more effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on the anatomical structure of date palm leaves than 160 mg.L-1 concentration.

The current study used the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the corresponding changes caused by salt-induced biochemical changes at different NaCl concentrations (2.5 as control level, 5, 10, and 20 ds.m− 1). FTIR also determines the potential role of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) at two concentrations (80 and 160 ppm) in alleviating salinity stress on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees. Notably, the study found the appearance of a new peak at 2850 cm− 1 in the lipid region (2800–3000 cm− 1) when date palm trees were exposed to salinity and tested at all levels. This peak was not seen in the control treatment or when salinity was combined with foliar spraying of Se NPs at the two tested concentrations (80 and 160 ppm). Furthermore, a clear and distinct peak at 1735 cm− 1 was only seen in plants exposed to salinity at 10 or 20 ds.m− 1. This peak was attributed to membrane lipid compounds that contain carbonyl-ester groups. In addition, the findings demonstrate that the treatments from various studies affected the secondary structure of proteins (1500–1800 cm− 1) and carbohydrates (1200–1500 cm− 1), and this was evident by the appearance and disappearance of some characteristic peaks in these regions.

The current study used the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the corresponding changes caused by salt-induced biochemical changes at different NaCl concentrations (2.5 as control level, 5, 10, and 20 ds.m− 1). FTIR also determines the potential role of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) at two concentrations (80 and 160 ppm) in alleviating salinity stress on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees. Notably, the study found the appearance of a new peak at 2850 cm− 1 in the lipid region (2800–3000 cm− 1) when date palm trees were exposed to salinity and tested at all levels. This peak was not seen in the control treatment or when salinity was combined with foliar spraying of Se NPs at the two tested concentrations (80 and 160 ppm). Furthermore, a clear and distinct peak at 1735 cm− 1 was only seen in plants exposed to salinity at 10 or 20 ds.m− 1. This peak was attributed to membrane lipid compounds that contain carbonyl-ester groups. In addition, the findings demonstrate that the treatments from various studies affected the secondary structure of proteins (1500–1800 cm− 1) and carbohydrates (1200–1500 cm− 1), and this was evident by the appearance and disappearance of some characteristic peaks in these regions.