The present study was carried out on 17 seeded strains of date palm "Phoenix dactylifera L." grown in Basrah region to investigate variations in protein pattern of leaflets and fruits among these strains. Cluster and principal component analysis were used to identify the degree of similarity and differences between date palm strains. The leaflet and fruit protein pattern on SDS-PAGE showed differences in band number, location, thickness and density leading to variations in protein quantity and quality among the studied strains.Cluster analysis data showed a high degree of similarity between leaflet and fruit samples of these strains recording an average similarity value of 0.76 and 0.67 for leaflet and fruit samples respectively. Cluster analysis also revealed that all strains occupied two main groups and then distributed into two subgroups under each main group. The principal component analysis showed that protein banding characters for leaflets and fruits could be used for identification of date palm seeded strains.

The current study used the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the corresponding changes caused by salt-induced biochemical changes at different NaCl concentrations (2.5 as control level, 5, 10, and 20 ds.m − 1 ). FTIR also determines the potential role of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) at two concentrations (80 and 160 ppm) in alleviating salinity stress on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees. Notably, the study found the appearance of a new peak at 2850 cm − 1 in the lipid region (2800-3000 cm − 1 ) when date palm trees were exposed to salinity and tested at all levels. This peak was not seen in the control treatment or when salinity was combined with foliar spraying of Se NPs at the two tested concentrations (80 and 160 ppm). Furthermore, a clear and distinct peak at 1735 cm − 1 was only seen in plants exposed to salinity at 10 or 20 ds.m − 1 . This peak was attributed to membrane lipid compounds that contain carbonyl-ester groups. In addition, the ndings demonstrate that the treatments from various studies affected the secondary structure of proteins (1500-1800 cm − 1 ) and carbohydrates (1200-1500 cm − 1 ), and this was evident by the appearance and disappearance of some characteristic peaks in these regions.

This study was conducted during the two growing seasons (2018 and 2019) in Date Palm Trees Station-Al-Hussinya District-Horticulture and, Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Karbala Governorate. Two cultivars of date palm trees Zahdi and Khistawi were studied. The 27 palm trees for each cultivars were randomly selected, homogeneous in vegetative growth and similar in size and shape. The results showed that the Zahdi cultivar recorded a significant increase in the content of chlorophyll and proline which reached 0.939 mg.g-1 and 12.854. g-1, respectively. The Khistawi cultivar recorded a significant difference in the carbohydrate content of leaf which reached 9.564 µg.g-1 compared to Zahdi cultivar. The results were also showed that superiority of the concentration was 1 g. L-1. palm -1 in all studied characteristics. The study showed that in the concentration of 2 g. L-1. Palm-1 of disper osmotic had significant difference in the most of studied characteristics. Bilateral and triple inequalities have a significant moral effect in all studied characteristics.

This study investigated the effect of salinity on the anatomical features of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and the potential roles of nano selenium (Se NPs) in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity. Two concentrations (80 and 160 mg.L-1) of SeNPs were applied as a foliar spray on date palms irrigated with different concentrations of saline water (2.5 [control], 5, 10 and 20 ds.m-1). Results showed that 5 ds.m-1 salinity had no significant effect on the anatomical structure of date palm, whether applied alone or in combination with foliar spray of Se NPs. However, the vascular bundle dimensions and thickness of the xylem, phloem and mesophyll were significantly higher in plants exposed to 10 ds.m-1 salinity compared with the control plants. In particular, foliar spray of SeNPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration enhanced the effect on these plants. By contrast, 20 ds.m-1 salinity significantly reduced all studied parameters except for the thickness of the upper and lower cuticle, which increased. Se NPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration had a significant effect in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity at high levels. The results of this study proved that SeNPs at 80 mg.L-1 concentration were more effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on the anatomical structure of date palm leaves than 160 mg.L-1 concentration.

The experiment have been done on the winter farming season 2020 in one of the farms that belongs to Faris company in Basrah governorate, the technique ISSR have been used to study the genetic distance for twenty one isolates of snake melon Cucumis melo var. flexuosus species. The variations between amplified samples have been revealed after running them on a gel of agarose which have been previously stained by ethidium bromide. Five primers which gave varied product on the agarose have been selected. Those five primers produced 713 bands, both primers UBC 813 and UBC 815 showed the higher numbers of bands reached to 177 while the primer UBC862 showed the least numbers of bands (100) and the bands which showed multi-variations showed (46) bands, and the results primers amplification unique bands their number reached to (14) and five of those bands belong to the primer UBC842 while the primer UBC862 produced three bands while the primer UBC807 did not produced any bands. While it has shown 100% polymorphisms with the primers 813, 815, 842 and 862, and the least polymorphism percentage have shown with the primer UBC807 reached 75%. According to the efficiency primers, the highest efficiency percentage shown with the primer UBC813 and 815 reached to 24.82% and the least percentage shown 14.02% by the primer UBC862. Cluster analysis showed the effect on the variance of the studied cultivars.