Adipose tissue total amount, distribution, and phenotype influence metabolic health. This may be partially mediated by the metabolic effects that these adipose tissue characteristics exert on the nearby and distant tissues. Thus, adipose tissue may influence the capacity of cells, tissues, and the organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability, i.e., their metabolic flexibility (MetF). Our aim was to systematically review the evidence for an association between adipose tissue characteristics and MetF in response to metabolic challenges in human adults. We searched in PubMed (last search on September 4, 2021) for reports that measured adipose tissue characteristics (total amount, distribution, and phenotype) and MetF in response to metabolic challenges (as a change in respiratory quotient) in humans aged 18 to <65 years. Any study design was considered, and the risk of bias was assessed with a checklist for randomized and non-randomized studies. From 880 records identified, 22 remained for the analysis, 10 of them measured MetF in response to glucose plus insulin stimulation, nine in response to dietary challenges, and four in response to other challenges. Our main findings were that: (a) MetF to glucose plus insulin stimulation seems inversely associated with adipose tissue total amount, waist circumference, and visceral adipose tissue; and (b) MetF to dietary challenges does not seem associated with adipose tissue total amount or distribution. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adipose tissue may directly or indirectly influence MetF to glucose plus insulin stimulation, an effect probably explained by skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO [CRD42020167810].

Este trabajo fue recibido el 02 de abril de 2020. Aceptado con modificaciones: 25 de mayo de 2020. Aceptado para ser publicado: 24 de junio de 2020. RESUMEN La alimentación es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo de cáncer. El consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados se ha asociado a mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar sistemáticamente la evidencia publicada sobre la relación entre el consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos de Pubmed en los últimos 10 años. Se incluyeron estudios de cohorte, caso control o transversales que evaluaran riesgo de cáncer, no recidiva, en adultos y midieron la alimentación a través de encuestas o patrones dietarios. Dos autores revisaron de forma independiente títulos y resúmenes para seleccionar los artículos, posteriormente ambos realizaron una revisión de texto completo, extrajeron los datos y analizaron la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos. Los resultados contemplan las conclusiones de 18 estudios, cuatro estudios de cohorte, 13 caso-control y uno transversal. Catorce de los estudios incluidos asocian positivamente la ingesta de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer.

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic caused a worldwide change in daily habits. Women have reported exercising more during the lockdown and maintaining their healthy habits when obligated to stay home with guidance. Objective: This work aimed to determine how the one-on-one personal training guidance affects training volumes and knowledge to maintain healthy habits during the COVID-19 lockdown on physically active young women. Methods: Twenty-three women participated in the study. Strength and conditioning coaches quantified the training workload before and during the quarantine for each subject. Nutritional intake was obtained through a 24-hour recall and a consumption frequency survey during quarantine. Results: No significant differences were found between PRE and InQ body weight (56.6 ± 7.0 kg vs. 57.4 ± 7.1 kg), upper body training frequency (3.4 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 1.0), and lower body training frequency (3.4 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 1.0). The total calculation of lower-body volume shows a trend of reduction PRE vs. InQ (p = 0.051). Conclusions: COVID-19 negatively affects training volumes on physically active women. However, a one-on-one follow-up by qualified trainers could support training quality and safety.