A prospective survey of applicants for employment was undertaken to investigate the relationship between heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio (measured in 100 mm chest radiographs) age and ethnic group, 1432 male applicants, aged 17-64 years, were studied, of whom 861 caucasians, 295 Asians and 172 African/West Indians were included in the detailed statistical analysis. A significant relationship was found between the cardiac measurements and age, which differed within ethnic groups. The median values of cardiothoracic ratio were: 43% in caucasians, 44% in Asians, and 46% in Africans. The upper extreme observations in each regression (2.5% of the population) are delimited by confidence limits plotted on the regressions against age for both cardiac diameter and cardiothoracic ratio. It is concluded that a single upper limit (e.g. 50%) for cardiothoracic ratio is unsatisfactory. If all subjects with values of cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50% in the present sample had been recalled for more detailed cardiological investigation, this would have affected 2.2% of caucasians, 4.1% of Asians, and 9.3% of Africans. Limits of 50% in caucasians, 52% in Asians and 53% in Africans would exclude 2.2, 2.4 and 2.6% of subjects in each of these racial groups in our sample. Age accounted for relatively little of the variation observed.

Background We examined the association between area-level deprivation and dental ambulatory sensitive hospitalizations (ASH) and considered the moderating effect of community water fluoridation (CWF). The hypothesis was that higher levels of deprivation are associated with higher dental ASH rates and that CWF will moderate this association such that children living in the most deprived areas have greater health gain from CWF. Methods Dental ASH conditions (dental caries and diseases of pulp/periapical tissues), age, gender and home address identifier (meshblock) were extracted from pooled cross-sectional data (Q3, 2011 to Q2, 2017) on children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years from the National Minimum Dataset, New Zealand (NZ) Ministry of Health. CWF was obtained for 2011 and 2016 from the NZ Institute of Environmental Science and Research. Dental ASH rates for children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years (/1000) were calculated for census area units (CAUs). Multilevel negative binomial models investigated associations between area-level deprivation, dental ASH rate and moderation by CWF status. Results Relative to CWF (2011 and 2016), no CWF (2011 and 2016) was associated with increased dental ASH rates in children aged 0–4 [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.171 (95% confidence interval 1.064, 1.288)] and aged 5–12 years [IRR = 1.181 (1.084, 1.286)]. An interaction between area-level deprivation and CWF showed that the association between CWF and dental ASH rates was greatest within the most deprived quintile of children aged 0–4 years [IRR = 1.316 (1.052, 1.645)]. Conclusions CWF was associated with a reduced dental ASH rate for children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years. Children living in the most deprived areas showed the greatest effect of CWF on dental ASH rates, indicating that the greater health gain from CWF occurred for those with the highest socio-economic disadvantage. Variation in CWF contributes to structural inequities in oral-health outcomes for children.

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5DY); 4 dermatology-specific (DLQI, CDLQI, DQOLS, Skindex); and 1 EBspecific (QOLEB). Only the CDLQI and QOLEB were specifically designed for pediatric populations (ages 4-16 and Ն10 years, respectively). The QOLEB was the only instrument for which content was derived from EB patients; 26 patient interviews were conducted, of which 9 were with patients Ͻ18 years. Despite pediatric input during development, not all QOLEB content is relevant to children/adolescents; items assessing family and financial impact are not appropriate for these respondents. Psychometric properties have been established among pediatric EB patients only for the QOLEB (convergent validity [DLQI: R ϭ 0.774]; internal consistency [␣ ϭ 0.931]; test-retest reliability [ R ϭ 0.843]). CONCLUSIONS: Few published measures meet current regulatory standards for HRQOL evaluation in pediatric EB patients. Given the age range for EB, an HRQOL instrument that evaluates age-appropriate concepts was not identified. Further research is needed to document and assess HRQOL concepts in pediatric patients with EB.