RESUMONeste estudo foram avaliados diferentes métodos para a superação da dormência em sementes de sucupira-preta. O experimento foi realizado inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 x 7, correspondendo a três lotes de sementes e sete tratamentos, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram utilizados ácido sulfúrico por 4, 8 e 12 minutos, água a 80°C por 5 e 10 minutos, escarificação mecânica, mantendo-se uma testemunha. Foi observado que a espécie possui dormência tegumentar e que todos os tratamentos utilizados permitiram a entrada de água nas sementes. Contudo, alguns métodos estudados, como a água a 80°C por 10 minutos, resultou em um elevado número de sementes mortas. O método mais eficiente para a superação da dormência de sementes de sucupira-preta é a imersão em ácido sulfúrico, por 4, 8 ou 12 minutos, beneficiando a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação.Termos para indexação: Germinação, escarificação, impermeabilidade do tegumento. ABSTRACTThis study evaluated diferent methods to overcome dormancy of black sucupira seeds. The experiment was installed in a fully randomized design composed by a factorial scheme 3x7, correspoding to three lots of seeds and seven treatments, with 4 replicates of 25 seeds. Sulfuric acid for 4, 8 and 12 minutes, water at 80°C for 5 and 10 minutes, sandpaper treatments were compared to the control. It was observed that this species has tegument dormancy and all treatments allowed seed imbibition. However in some of the methods used, such as like water at 80°C for 10 minutes, occurred a high number of dead seeds. The most suitable method for dormancy overcoming of black sucupira seeds was the imersion in sulfuric acid for 4, 8 and 12 minutes, that showed higher percentage and speed of germination.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em sementes de café submetidas à secagem rápida, em sílica gel, e à secagem lenta, em soluções salinas saturadas. As sementes foram secas até que atingissem os seguintes teores de água: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10 e 5% (base úmida). Após a secagem, uma parte das sementes foi imediatamente avaliada quanto ao desempenho fisiológico e ao perfil de enzimas do processo oxidativo, e outra parte foi avaliada após armazenagem em condição hermética, em câmara fria e seca, por quatro meses. A velocidade de secagem e o teor final de água tiveram efeito significativo sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Após a secagem rápida em sílica gel, as sementes toleraram teores finais de água mais baixos. No entanto, após a secagem lenta, as sementes com teores finais de água mais elevados apresentaram maior qualidade. O período de armazenamento não afetou a germinação, mas prejudicou o vigor das sementes. A secagem rápida apresenta maior potencial de dano ao endosperma do que aos embriões. O perfil enzimático das sementes de café é afetado pelo teor final de água e pela velocidade de secagem.Termos para indexação: Coffea arabica, armazenagem, perfil enzimático, qualidade fisiológica, tolerância à dessecação, velocidade de secagem. Physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed dried in silica gel and saturated saline solutionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed subjected to rapid drying, in silica gel, or to slow drying in saturated saline solutions. Seeds were dried until they reached the following water contents: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, and 5% (wet basis). After drying, part of the seeds was immediately evaluated as to their physiological performance and enzymatic profile of the oxidative process, and another part was evaluated after storage, under hermetic conditions, in freeze-drying chamber, for four months. Drying rate and final moisture content had significant effect on seed physiological quality. After rapid drying, in silica gel, seeds tolerated lower final moisture levels. However, after slow drying, seeds with greater water levels showed higher quality. The storage period did not affect germination, but it reduced coffee seed vigor. Rapid drying shows greater damage potential to the endosperm than to the embryos. The enzymatic profile of coffee seed is affected by the final moisture level and the drying rate.Index terms: Coffea arabica, storage, enzymatic profile, physiological quality, desiccation tolerance, drying rate. IntroduçãoAs sementes recalcitrantes, diferentemente das ortodoxas, não toleram dessecação nem baixas temperaturas (Roberts, 1973). Sementes de café (Coffea arabica L.) não toleram baixas temperaturas e nem secagem abaixo de 10% de umidade e são consideradas como de comportamento intermediário (Ellis et al., 1990). Portanto, entre os vários fatores que influenciam a qualidade das sementes de café, o grau de umidade e as condições de secagem e de arm...
Germination of coffee seeds occurs in a slow and non-uniform manner and the tetrazolium test (TZ) may be a quick alternative for assessment of viability, as long as the preparation and imbibition of the seeds is established. This study was performed in two stages: in the first, recently harvested seeds from three coffee cultivars were submitted to four methodologies for removal of the parchment: manual extraction or use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO at 5%) and two periods of imbibition of the seeds in water (36 and 48 hours) for removal of the embryos. In the second phase, manual removal and the use of NaClO were compared for elimination of the parchment of stored seeds for monthly performance of the tetrazolium test for six months. Sodium hypochlorite is not efficient in total extraction of the parchment and has a negative effect on the results of the TZ test on low moisture coffee seeds. An imbibition time of 48 hours facilitates extraction of embryos and does not affect test results. The tetrazolium test on coffee seeds with different moisture and deterioration levels must be undertaken with manual removal of the parchments.
Selenium is essential to human and animal health, as it regulates glutathione peroxidase activity. Although not considered essential to plants, it may be beneficial to plant growth and development at low concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of selenate application on Se biofortification, macro‐ and micronutrient content, and the expression of genes involved in Se uptake and assimilation in 12 Brazilian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. This nutrient‐solution experiment was performed in a greenhouse and consisted of a complete 12 × 2 factorial randomized design, with 12 wheat cultivars in the absence or presence of Se in solution (13 μmol), with three replicates. The presence of Se in solution did not affect growth and yield of wheat cultivars. Selenium content and accumulation in the grain varied significantly among the different cultivars. The presence of Se affected macronutrient content more than micronutrient content, and selenate application increased S content in the shoots of eight cultivars and in the grains of five cultivars. Examination of gene expression did not allow identification of responses within the two groups of cultivars—with high or low Se contents—after selenate application. Our findings are relevant to the design of Se biofortification strategies for wheat in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems. Core Ideas Selenate application increased S content in the shoot and grain tissues of wheat cultivars. Supplying Se through the roots enhances Se in wheat tissue, both shoots and grain. Linking genetic–agronomic approaches is key for biofortifying Brazilian wheat cultivars with Se.
RESUMO -Nessa pesquisa foi avaliado o comportamento das sementes de sucupira-preta durante a embebição, bem como as modificações em algumas proteínas durante esse processo. As sementes foram embebidas em rolo de papel umedecido, a 30°C e pesadas a cada 6 horas até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes, após o que as sementes foram submetidas a análises protéicas pela técnica da eletroforese. A curva de embebição dessa espécie segue um modelo trifásico. Na avaliação dos sistemas enzimáticos, foi observado um comportamento constante para as enzimas superóxido dismutase e malato desidrogenase. Para a enzima álcool desidrogenase, catalase e α-amilase, a intensidade das bandas variou em função do lote utilizado. Para as proteínas resistentes ao calor, foi observada a presença de bandas durante toda a germinação, com alterações na intensidade no decorrer do processo.Termos para indexação: espécie florestal, embebição, isoenzima, LEA proteína, eletroforese. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS DURING GERMINATION OFSUCUPIRA-PRETA (Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth.) SEEDS.ABSTRACT -This research aimed to evaluate the alterations in black sucupira seeds during imbebetion and the modifications in some enzymes and proteins during this process. The seeds were imbibed in wet paper roll at 30°C and weighted for 6 hours until the root protrusion of 50% of the seeds, then the seeds were submitted to the protein analysis by electrophoresis technique. The imbebition curve of the black sucupira has a triphasic model. The evaluation of enzymatic systems shoed the same pattern for the enzymes superoxide dismutase and malate dehidrogenase. For the enzymes alcohol dehidrogenase, catalase and α-amylase, the band intensity varied according to the seed lot used. For the protein resistant to heat, the presence of bands was observed throughout the germination, with alterations in intensity during the process.
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