Schistosomiasis is a disease of global extent reaching populations in social vulnerability. One of the control measures of this parasitosis is the use of molluscicidal substances that can fight snails of the genus Biomphalaria, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The aim of this work was to study the toxic activity of three mangrove species (Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. & Leech, ex Moldenke, 1939, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) CF Gaertn, 1807 and Rhizophora mangle L. 1753) on the biological activities of snails Biomphalaria glabrata. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the stem and leaves of each of the three plant species to which mollusks were exposed. The phytochemical analysis of plants showed the presence of important metabolites in the leaves and stems of L. racemosa and R. mangle, such as tannins and saponins, but the absence of these metabolites in A. schaueriana. Leaf and stem extracts of the three plant species showed low molluscicidal activity, not reaching the standards determined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1983). L. racemosa and R. mangle has interfered with motility, feeding and oviposition of snails, unlike the extracts of A. schaueriana, which had no effect on these activities.

Os subprodutos de frutas são os resíduos alimentares mais abundantes, sendo descartados ou usados como ração ou na compostagem, são grandes fontes de bioativos com potencial de reaproveitamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a busca de estudos com os resíduos agroindustriais oriundos das espécies Persea americana e Theobroma grandflorum e identificar alternativas para reduzir a perda. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa no qual foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de estudos encontrados em 2 bases de dados: PubMed e Google Scholar. Foram selecionados trabalhos que testaram a atividade biológica das espécies Persea americana e Theobroma  grandiflorum utilizando extratos vegetais. Bem como foram identificados trabalhos que envolviam o desperdício alimentar e possíveis alternativas para minimizar o impacto ambiental. As duas espécies demonstram ações biológicas significativas para o combate ao estresse oxidativo. A humanidade requer práticas sustentáveis da indústria agrícola para o reaproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos como estratégia para a redução do desperdício de alimentos além de gerar ações biológicas de grande impacto.

No abstract

The family Euphorbiaceae Juss. have several plant species which possess molluscicidal activity. Thus, the present review showed the available works on the molluscicidal activity of the used plants from that family. The searches for articles were done between December 2020 and May 2021 by five databases, and the keywords were "schistosomiasis", "Euphorbiaceae" and "molluscicide". The molluscicidal activity was evaluated in the Euphorbiaceae family by 39 articles with emphasis on the genus Euphorbia. The snails used in the molluscicidal tests belonged to the genera Biomphalaria, Oncomelania and Bulinus. Many works used the protocols of the World Health Organization (1965 and 1983) to assess the action on mollusks. It was observed that, in the tests, many works used latex (a common substance among representatives of the Euphorbiaceae family), in which latex from species such as Euphorbia splendens var hislopii, Euphorbia milii and Euphorbia umbellata demonstrated molluscicidal action. The observation time of mortality and other parameters of the mollusks varied between 24 and 96 h. In conclusion, the results found in this review can help students and researchers to identify plant species of this family that can contribute to future formulations with molluscicide activity.

Schistosomiasis is considered one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), which affects around 240 million people worldwide. In Brazil, Schistosomiasis mansoni has been registered in 19 states, predominantly in rural areas. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of Schistosomiasis mansoni cases in the Maranhao State from 2007 to 2016, as well as the temporal trend over this period. The data were obtained from secondary sources: Schistosomiasis Control Program of Maranhao (PCE-MA) and Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The State Health Regions (HRs) were considered analysis units. Maranhao had a positivity rate of 3.8 for the period. The Regions that presented the highest percentages of positivity in the state were Pinheiro (7.92), Ze Doca (3.30), and Viana (3.10). Municipalities such as Bacuri, Serrano do Maranhao, and Bequimao, located in the Pinheiro HR, showed positivity rates of 16.56, 13.31, and 11.01 respectively. The spatial analysis of schistosomiasis cases showed that Maranhao has two main centers for the spread of the disease, both located in the northern portion of the state, namely the Baixada Maranhense and the east coast. This study concluded that the positivity of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Maranhao was stable over the analyzed period. The state still maintains the Baixada Maranhense micro-region as an important area for the spread of the disease reaching socially vulnerable population groups.